A Little Grammatical guide JAM 2 CONTENTS 1.Writing Concise Sentences.......................................................................................................................................5 1.1.Reducing Clauses to Phrases, Phrases to Single Words....................................................................................6 2.Verb...............................................................................................................................................................................6 2.1.PAST SIMPLE — prétérit simple...........................................................................................................................7 2.2.PAST PROGRESSIVE — prétérit progressif.....................................................................................................7 2.3.Emploi...........................................................................................................................................................................7 2.4.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE..................................................................................................................................8 2.5.PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.....................................................................................................................8 Notes................................................................................................................................................................................8 2.6.Emploi...........................................................................................................................................................................9 2.7.Subjunctives. ...........................................................................................................................................................10 2.8.La notion verbale V∅ V............................................................................................................................................10 2.9.La notion avec «make», «have» et «let»............................................................................................................10 2.10.Notion avec «see», «hear», «watch» & «feel»...............................................................................................10 2.11.Autres cas.................................................................................................................................................................11 2.11.1.Après WHY............................................................................................................................................................11 2.11.2.Après BUT.............................................................................................................................................................11 2.11.3.HAD/HAD BETTER & WOULD RATHER.......................................................................................................11 2.12.Les modaux...............................................................................................................................................................11 2.13.Au Passif...................................................................................................................................................................11 2.14.V ∅ V et V to V.......................................................................................................................................................11 2.15.V to V........................................................................................................................................................................12 2.16.V to V ou V V-ing....................................................................................................................................................12 2.17.V2 to V1....................................................................................................................................................................13 2.18.V1 V2-ing..................................................................................................................................................................13 2.19.Temps psychologique et temps grammatical. (time and tense)...................................................................13 3.Prepositions................................................................................................................................................................13 3.1.Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in......................................................................................................................14 3.2.Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in.....................................................................................................................14 3.3.Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition...........................................................................................14 3.4.Prepositions of Time: for and since....................................................................................................................14 3.5.Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions...........................................................................................................15 3.6.Unnecessary Prepositions......................................................................................................................................15 4.Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers..............................................................................................................15 4.1.Determiners: Each, Every......................................................................................................................................15 4.2.Determiners: Some, Any........................................................................................................................................16 5.Adverbs ......................................................................................................................................................................17 5.1.Adverbs of Frequency.............................................................................................................................................17 6.Prepositions................................................................................................................................................................17 6.1.English Prepositions List.........................................................................................................................................18 6.2.English Preposition Rule.........................................................................................................................................18 7.The comma. ...............................................................................................................................................................18 7.1.Rules for Comma Usage...........................................................................................................................................18 7.2.Semicolon. ................................................................................................................................................................21 8.Conjunction.................................................................................................................................................................21 8.1.Coordinating Conjunctions......................................................................................................................................21 8.2.AND ...........................................................................................................................................................................21 8.3.BUT............................................................................................................................................................................22 8.4.OR ..............................................................................................................................................................................22 3 8.5.SO..............................................................................................................................................................................22 8.6.FOR............................................................................................................................................................................22 8.7.YET ............................................................................................................................................................................23 8.8.Subordinating Conjunctions..................................................................................................................................23 8.9.The Case of Like and As........................................................................................................................................23 8.10.Omitting That........................................................................................................................................................24 8.11.Beginning a Sentence with Because...................................................................................................................24 8.12.Common Subordinating Conjunctions................................................................................................................25