PHOTO CREDIT: BASSAM AL AMIL Rapid Comparative Analysis of Available Options for Managing Broken Glass from the Beirut Explosion USAID Diverting Waste by Encouraging Reuse and Recycling (DAWERR) Activity Contract No.: 72026820C00002 March 11, 2020 Date original report submitted to USAID: February 9, 2021 USAID Contracting Officer’s Representative: Sana Saliba This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared under the direction of ECODIT LLC for the USAID/Lebanon Diverting Waste by Encouraging Reuse and Recycling (DAWERR) Activity. The contents of the document are the sole responsibility of ECODIT and do not represent the views of USAID or the United States government. This document was prepared by ECODIT Liban SARL, a subcontractor to ECODIT LLC under the USAID/Lebanon Diverting Waste by Encouraging Reuse and Recycling (DAWERR) Activity through Contract No. 72026820C00002 This document was prepared under the direction of ECODIT LLC 1300 Wilson Blvd, Suite 920 Arlington, VA 22209-2321, USA Tel: +1-703-841-1885 [email protected] ECODIT Contacts: Chief of Party Home Office Project Manager Cover page photo credit: Bassam Al Amil CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Project Description 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Project Rationale, Approach and Report Structure 1 2. Description of Existing Situation 2 2.1. Waste Storage Sites 3 2.1.1. Karantina 3 2.1.2. Mar Mkhayel 5 2.1.3. Sin El Fil 6 2.1.4. Normandy 6 2.1.5. Non-Collected Waste 6 2.2. Summary of Existing Initiatives 7 2.2.1. Stakeholders Consultations 7 2.2.2. Assessments and Studies 9 2.2.2.1. Order of Engineers and Architects (OEA) 9 2.2.2.2. Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) 10 2.2.2.3. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 11 2.2.2.4. UN-Habitat 12 2.2.2.5. European Union (EU) 14 2.2.3. Existing Management Initiatives 14 2.2.3.1. Rubble to Mountains Initiative 14 2.2.3.2. Cedar Environmental 14 2.2.3.3. Arc En Ciel (AEC) 15 2.2.4. Perceptions of Other Relevant Stakeholders 15 2.2.4.1. Public Sector 15 2.2.4.1.1. Beirut Municipality 15 2.2.4.1.2. Ministry of Industry (MoI) 15 2.2.4.1.3. Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MoPWT) 15 2.2.4.1.4. Council of Development and Reconstruction (CDR) 16 2.2.4.2. Private Sector 16 2.2.4.2.1. Glass Recycling Factory (under construction) 16 2.2.4.2.2. Artisanal/Small-Scale Recycling Factory 16 2.2.4.2.3. Concrete Mixing Industries 16 2.2.4.2.4. Engineering Consulting Firm – (Khatib & Alami) 16 2.3. Quantification of Broken Glass Waste 17 2.3.1. Size of the Damage 17 2.3.2. Generated Quantity of Glass Waste 17 i|USAID DAWERR: RAP D COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AVA LABLE OPTIONS FOR MANAGING BROKEN GLASS RESULT NG FROM BEIRUT EXPLOSION| FINAL ANALYSIS REPORT USAID.GOV 2.3.3. Recoverable Portion 18 3. Assessment of Alternatives 19 3.1. Alternative Applications 19 3.1.1. Partial Replacement of Bound Aggregates in Concrete and Asphalt Mixes 19 3.1.2. Partial Replacement of Un-Bound Aggregates in Infrastructure and Geotechnical Applications (basecourse and subbase layers, bedding/backfill and drainage material) 20 3.1.3. Glass Beads in Road Paint 21 3.1.4. Use as Secondary Raw Material for Fiberglass Industry in Turkey 21 3.1.5. Use as Fill Material in Abandoned Quarries 22 3.1.6. Disposal in Landfills 22 3.1.7. Other Alternatives 22 3.2. Procedures and Equipment 23 4. Comparative Analysis 28 4.1. SWOT Analysis for the Recovery and Reuse/Recycling of Recovered Glass 28 4.2. Comparative Analysis Methodology 33 4.3. Comparative Analysis Results 33 4.3.1. Partial Replacement of Bound Aggregates in Concrete and Asphalt Mixes 33 4.3.1.1. Financial Assessment 33 4.3.1.2. Technical Assessment 34 4.3.1.3. Environmental Assessment 34 4.3.1.4. Social Assessment 35 4.3.2. Partial Replacement of Un-Bound Aggregates in Infrastructure and Geotechnical Applications (basecourse and subbase layers, bedding/backfill and drainage material) 35 4.3.2.1. Financial Assessment 35 4.3.2.2. Technical Assessment 35 4.3.2.3. Environmental Assessment 36 4.3.2.4. Social Assessment 36 4.3.3. Glass Beads in Road Paint 36 4.3.3.1. Financial Assessment 36 4.3.3.2. Technical Assessment 37 4.3.3.3. Environmental Assessment 37 4.3.3.4. Social Assessment 37 4.3.4. Use as Secondary Raw Material for Fiberglass Industry in Turkey 38 4.3.4.1. Financial Assessment 38 4.3.4.2. Technical Assessment 38 4.3.4.3. Environmental Assessment 38 4.3.4.4. Social Assessment 39 4.3.5. Use as Fill Materials in Abandoned Quarries 39 4.3.5.1. Financial Assessment 39 4.3.5.2. Technical Assessment 39 ii|USAID DAWERR: RAPID COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AVA LABLE OPTIONS FOR MANAGING BROKEN GLASS RESULTING FROM BEIRUT EXPLOSION | F NAL ANALYSIS REPORT USAID.GOV 4.3.5.3. Environmental Assessment 39 4.3.5.4. Social Assessment 39 4.3.6. Disposal in Landfills 40 4.3.6.1. Financial Assessment 40 4.3.6.2. Technical Assessment 40 4.3.6.3. Environmental Assessment 40 4.3.6.4. Social Assessment 40 5. Conclusion 41 6. Recommendations on Next Steps 43 7. References 44 A. Annex 1 – MCDA Methodology: Criteria Descriptions and Ratings 46 B. Annex 2 – MCDA Results 51 iii|USAID DAWERR: RAPID COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR MANAGING BROKEN GLASS RESULTING FROM BEIRUT EXPLOSION| FINAL ANALYSIS REPORT USAID.GOV EXHIBITS Exhibit 1. Structural damage zoning ....................................................................................................................... 2 Exhibit 2. Damage severity map .............................................................................................................................. 3 Exhibit 3. The “glass” pile at Bakalian site ............................................................................................................. 4 Exhibit 4. The “rubble” pile at Bakalian site ......................................................................................................... 4 Exhibit 5. Manual sorting at Bakalian site .............................................................................................................. 5 Exhibit 6. Waste piles at the slaughterhouse site ............................................................................................... 5 Exhibit 7. Waste piles at Audi/Kettaneh site ....................................................................................................... 5 Exhibit 8. Waste piles at Sin El Fil site ................................................................................................................... 6 Exhibit 9. Waste stored in BIEL, Normandy ........................................................................................................ 6 Exhibit 10. Non-collected waste in the streets of Beirut ................................................................................. 7 Exhibit 11. List of interviewed stakeholders ........................................................................................................ 7 Exhibit 12. OEA surveyed lots and buildings ....................................................................................................... 9 Exhibit 13. LAF’s surveyed areas within 2.5 km from explosion ................................................................... 10 Exhibit 14. LAF’s surveyed areas within 7.5 km from explosion ................................................................... 11 Exhibit 15. UNDP’s Red Zone............................................................................................................................... 12 Exhibit 16. Survey zones adopted by UN-Habitat ............................................................................................ 13 Exhibit 17. Color coded results of UN-Habitat survey ................................................................................... 13 Exhibit 18. Quantities of shattered glass provided by stakeholders ............................................................. 17 Exhibit 19. Visual inspection of glass content .................................................................................................... 19 Exhibit 20. Size and gradation requirement of the recovered glass for the partial replacement of bound aggregates in concrete and asphalt mixes ........................................................................................................... 20 Exhibit 21. Size and gradation requirement of the recovered glass for the partial replacement of un- bound aggregates in infrastructure and geotechnical applications ................................................................ 21 Exhibit 22. Size and gradation requirement of the recovered glass for the usage in road paints ......... 21 Exhibit 23. Alternatives that were not considered for further analysis ...................................................... 22 Exhibit 24. Technical recovery procedures ........................................................................................................ 24 Exhibit 25. Examples of equipment that can be used in the proposed recovery procedures ................ 26 Exhibit 26. Operational costs ................................................................................................................................ 27 Exhibit 27. SWOT analysis for the reuse of recovered glass ......................................................................... 29 iv|USAID DAWERR: RAPID COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AVA LABLE OPTIONS FOR MANAGING BROKEN GLASS RESULTING FROM BEIRUT EXPLOSION | F NAL ANALYSIS REPORT USAID.GOV ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEC Arc En Ciel ATC