Comic Art of the United States through 2000, Animation and Cartoons: An International Bibliography John A. Lent PRAEGER Comic Art of the United States through 2000, Animation and Cartoons Recent Titles in Bibliographies and Indexes in Popular Culture Humor Scholarship: A Research Bibliography Don L.F. Nilsen The Comic Art Collection Catalog: An Author, Artist, Title, and Subject Catalog of the Comic Art Collection, Special Collections Division, Michigan State University Libraries Randall W. Scott, compiler Animation, Caricature, and Gag and Political Cartoons in the United States and Canada: An International Bibliography John A. Lent, compiler Comic Books and Comic Strips in the United States: An International Bibliography John A. Lent, compiler Comic Art of Europe: An International, Comprehensive Bibliography John A. Lent, compiler Robert Benchley: An Annotated Bibliography Gordon E. Ernst, Jr., compiler Comic Art in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Latin America John A. Lent, compiler The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook Caroline Joan (“Kay”) S. Picart, Frank Smoot, and Jayne Blodgett Comic Art of Europe through 2000: An International Bibliography, Volumes I and II John A. Lent Justice Denoted: The Legal Thriller in American, British, and Continental Courtroom Literature Terry White, compiler and editor Comic Art in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Latin America through 2000: An International Bibliography John A. Lent Comic Art of the United States through 2000, Animation and Cartoons An International Bibliography John A. Lent Bibliographies and Indexes in Popular Culture, Number 12 Westport, Connecticut London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available at www.loc.gov British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2005 by John A. Lent All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. ISBN: 0-313-31213-3 ISSN: 1066-0658 First published in 2005 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10987654321 CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgements xvii 1. CANADA 1 References 1 Cartooning, Cartoons 2 Cartoonists and Their Works 4 Animation 10 Comic Books 31 Comic Strips 37 Political Cartoons 38 2. UNITED STATES: COMIC ART 41 General Sources 41 Resources 44 vi Comic Art of the United States through 2000, Animation and Cartoons Advertising 53 Artistic Aspects 55 Associations, Guilds, and Awards 56 Collecting and Fans 58 Exhibitions, Festivals, and Conventions 59 Legal Aspects 63 Museums 65 Schools 69 Syndication 70 Technical Aspects 72 Comic Art and Children 82 Comic Art and Education 84 Comic Art and Eroticism, Pornography, and Sex 87 Comic Art and Ethnicity, Minorities, Racism, Religions 87 Comic Art and Humanism, Social Consciousness, and Relevancy 88 Comic Art and Political Correctness 89 Comic Art and the Professions 90 Comic Art and Scholarship 90 Comic Art and Sports 94 Comic Art and Violence 95 Comic Art and War 96 Comic Art and Women 96 Contents vii 3. UNITED STATES: GAG, ILLUSTRATIVE, MAGAZINE CARTOONS 103 General Studies 103 Anthologies 104 Cartoonists and Their Works 106 Historical Aspects 135 Magazines 136 4. UNITED STATES: ANIMATION 141 Resources 141 General Sources 144 Advertising 159 Artistic Aspects 163 Associations 164 Auctions, Collecting 165 Controversies, Effects, and Issues 169 Education and Training 173 Exhibitions, Festivals, Awards 177 Gaming 185 Genres and Types 189 Historical Aspects 198 Images, Portrayals 209 Industry 211 viii Comic Art of the United States through 2000, Animation and Cartoons Labor 220 Merchandising 224 Regulatory and Legal Aspects 229 Reviews 232 Sound 235 Skills and Techniques 238 Technology 245 Theme Parks 267 Uses 268 Animators 271 Characters and Titles 332 Companies, Networks, and Studios 441 5. UNITED STATES: CARICATURE 503 General Sources 503 Exhibitions 504 Historical Aspects 504 Caricaturists and Their Works 505 Technical Aspects 507 6. UNITED STATES: POLITICAL CARTOONS 509 General Studies 509 Resources 511 Anthologies 512 Contents ix Cartoonists and Their Works 513 Historical Aspects 542 Legal Aspects (Includes Censorship, Political Correctness) 545 Portrayals 549 Professional Aspects 555 Technical Aspects 557 7. ADDENDUM 559 Canada 559 United States: Comic Art 561 United States: Gag, Illustrative, Magazine Cartoons 562 United States: Animation 564 United States: Caricature 586 United States: Political Cartoons 587 Index 591 PREFACE When I self-published Comic Art: An International Bibliography in 1986, there was not much in the way of comic art bibliography, save for a couple European works. The interest in my 146-page monograph stimulated me to follow up with a four-volume set (two on United States [and Canada], one each on Europe and the rest of the world), published by Greenwood in 1994 and 1996. Since then, other bibliographies have appeared online (most notably that by Michael Rhode and John Bullough), trying to keep up with the burgeoning amount of literature appearing, much of it Internet-based. This volume updates and extends its 1994 counterpart, Animation, Caricature, Gag and Political Cartoons in the United States and Canada: An International Bibliography, and is part of a six-volume set – two on Europe (2003), one on Africa, Asia, Australia/Oceania, and Latin America, (2004), and two on comic books and comic strips in the U.S. (forthcoming). All of these works are fuller in numbers of citations, mainly because of an expansion of writings on comic art and because of my gaining access to long runs of periodicals that filled in gaps. The six new volumes are additions to those published in 1994 and 1996, and a serious attempt was made not to duplicate what appeared earlier. Ideally, the earlier bibliographies should be used in conjunction with the current ones; not to do this can lead to misperceptions. For example, in the old version of this volume, John Held, Jr. merited 54 citations, but only two in this edition; Saul Steinberg, 22 in the old, 239 in the current work. Many sections of this book have been expanded, and in an effort to hone in even further on some topics, subheadings are taken to third and fourth levels; for example, I. – United States Comic Art; A. – Comic Art and Women; 1. – Cartoonists; a. – Davis, Susan. Numerous new headings grace this edition; for example, under United States: Animation, Advertising, Associations, xii Comic Art of the United States through 2000, Animation and Cartoons Controversies/Effects/Issues, Gaming, Image Portrayals, Industry, Labor, Merchandising, Sound, and more. Overall, the volume is much larger than its predecessor, containing 11,367 citations, compared to 5,449 entries in the 1994 book. Organization, Objectives, Emphases Most of the work in this volume deals with the United States, although the first chapter of 710 entries is on Canada, broken down by major categories of references; cartooning, cartoons; cartoonists & their works, animation, comic books, comic strips, and political cartoons, and further divided by 29 sub- categories. Besides these major categories, most chapters have a general sources section, consisting of items either too general or too vague to fit elsewhere or that are cross category in nature. Chapter two begins the United States portion of the book and is more generally titled comic art. It consists of sections on general sources, resources, advertising, artistic aspects, associations/guilds/awards, collecting and fans, exhibitions/festivals/conventions, legal aspects, museums, schools, syndication, and technical aspects. Included under resources is a periodical directory of 84 titles (the Canada chapter has another 17) that provides names, addresses, typical contents, and inaugural dates of comic art-related journals, magazines, and fanzines. Also covered are topics in relationship to comic art: children, education, eroticism/pornography/sex, ethnicity/minorities/racism/religion, hu- manism/social consciousness/relevancy, political correctness, professions, scholarship, sports, violence, war, and women. This chapter covers all aspects of comic art from a general perspective, including comic books and comic strips which have two volumes of their own in this series. In chapter three, gag, illustrative, and magazine cartoons are treated under general sources, anthologies, cartoonists and their works, historical aspects, and magazines. This is the first chapter specifically oriented to the types of cartooning listed in the title of this volume. Throughout the series, a cartoonist or character/title is given a separate listing if he/she/it is the subject of at least two citations. The category of cartoonists and their works consists of biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, profiles, interviews, obituaries, and sketchbooks. Where anthology sections exist in chapters, they usually deal with multi-author collections of cartoons, reviews, or plot synopses. The animation section (chapter four) is the largest part of the book, consisting of 7,208 citations. The number of categories has been increased considerably from the first volume. Among the 21 topics new to the volume are advertising, artistic aspects, associations, auctions/collecting, companies/ networks/studios, controversies/effects/issues, education/training,