NELSON NELSON MODERNHISTORY MODERNHISTORY NELSON MODERNHISTORY RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION SOVIET THE AND RUSSIA RUSSIA AND Nelson Cengage has developed this series A Globalised World for Australian senior secondary students of Age of Imperialism Modern History. The series includes titles Australia 1918–1950s that encompass the period from the 18th century to the contemporary world and China and Revolution THE SOVIET they explore the social, cultural and political Civil Rights in the United States of America developments that shape the 21st century. Decolonisation Written by experienced educators and Germany 1918–1945 experts in their fields, each book builds on India UNION a narrative framework to incorporate recent research and historiography, primary and Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples secondary sources, and learning activities. Russia and the Soviet Union These key features combine to support the The Changing World Order development of historical knowledge and The Enlightenment understanding and historical skills that will enable students to interpret and reflect on The French Revolution the experience and developments that have The Industrial Revolution Russia and the Soviet Union created the world in which they live. The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East The paired hammer and sickle are among the most widely recognised political symbols United States of America 1900–1945 in history. Featured on the flags and coat of arms of the Soviet Union, as well as in Women’s Movements newspapers, posters, artwork, medals and sculptures, they are synonymous with Communism and the Soviet Union. The hammer and sickle first began to appear together on Bolshevik propaganda during 1917 as symbols of the ideological aspirations of the Bolshevik movement. Paired and evenly sized, the hammer, representing the urban proletariat and industrial labour, and the sickle, symbolising the peasantry and agricultural work, signify the unity and equality of these two social groups. In this photograph they appear on the flag of the Soviet Union, along with a bust of Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party from 1903 until his death in 1924. WEBB WEBB Vladimir Lenin ISBN: 978-0170244107 Vladimir IIyich Ulyanov, known almost universally as Lenin, was the founder, leader and chief KEN WEBB ideologue of the Bolshevik Party. SERIES EDITOR: TONY TAYLOR 9 780170 244107 For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au russia_sb_44107_cvr_gatefold_finalart.indd 1-4 8/07/2015 11:45 am If things continue between 1912 and 1950 as they have between 1900 and 1912, Russia will dominate Europe by the middle of the current century, politically as much as economically and financially. Edmond Théry, 1913 Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 9780170244107 iii CONTENTS About the series iv Series editor acknowledgements vi Author acknowledgements vii 001 Introduction 152 CHAPTER 5 The struggle for power: 1924–1929 010 CHAPTER 1 On the eve of war: 1905–1914 176 CHAPTER 6 Soviet Union transformed: 1928–1941 054 CHAPTER 2 Impact of the First World War: 196 CHAPTER 7 1914–1917 Stalinist totalitarianism: 1929–1941 084 CHAPTER 3 218 CHAPTER 8 The new Bolshevik regime: 1917–1918 The Great Patriotic War: 1941–1945 114 CHAPTER 4 240 Conclusion The Bolsheviks triumphant: 1918–1924 Index 248 9780170244107 ABOUT THE SERIES Using Russia and the Soviet Union Russia and the Soviet Union has been developed especially for senior secondary students of History and is part of the Nelson Modern History series. Each book in the series is based on the understanding that History is an interpretive study of the past by which you also come to better appreciate the making of the modern world. Developing understandings of the past and present in senior History extends the skills you learnt in earlier years. As senior students you will use historical skills, including research, evaluation, synthesis, analysis and communication, and historical concepts, such as evidence, continuity and change, cause and effect, significance, empathy, perspectives and contestability,11 to understand and interpret societies from the past. The activities and tasks in Russia and the Soviet Union have been written to Chapter ONe ensure that you develop the skills and attributes you need in senior History subjects. Key figures and Key terms On the eve organisations Key documentsand conceptsKEY FIGURES ANDof war: The author team of the Nelson Modern History series combines the collective experience of some of Australia’s finest educators, teachers, historians, academics and curriculum experts. Cengage gratefully 1905–1914 acknowledges the contribution of the authors and theORGANISATIONS, many teachers, historians and academics who KEY Timeline 1934 contributed to the development of the series. 1905–1945 Autocracy Dual Power SERIES EDITOR IndustrialisationChris Gates TERMSDr Sarah Mirams AND CONCEPTS, Socialist RealismDecember War Communism St PetersburgProfessor Tony Taylor working-men’s Chris has taught in Australia, the UK and New Sarah has taught history in secondary and Tsarina aLexandra The form of government that existed Term used to describe the government With theZealand introduction and is currently of Head the of HistoryFirst at tertiary settings, worked as an education The culturalMurder and of artistic KirovLev Kamenev movement (1883–1936)The policy implementedsergei during Kirov the (1886–1934)petitionTony is the to past Tsar Director Nicholas of the National InquiryII (1872–1918) Ivanhoe Girls’ Grammar School, Melbourne. officer for cultural and heritage institutions, paved the way for under the tsars. All power, whether of Russia followinginto the the Teaching1917 and February Learning of HistoryFive and Year Plan in 1928, Stalin pursued that was promoted strongly during civil war by the Bolsheviks that gave In Januarythe National 1905, Centre fora Historypeaceful Education. march Chris has presented at many teacher conferences and has contributed to numerous textbooks the terror political, military or religious, Revolution. Power was uneasily shared a policy andof studentindustrialisation, lectures and was a member which of the for secondary students. She now works as an 1925–the Stalinist era. All aspects of the state total control over all aspects From 2006 to 2010 he was a senior consultant KEY DOCUMENTS of St Petersburg workers and their Nelson Connect with History author team. He is a independent historian. Sarah is the author of 1918 to federal government bodies responsible for the ultimately lay in the hands of the between the Provisional Government aimed toco-author modernise of China andthe Revolution Soviet. Civil Rights in the United States of America, 29 artistic endeavour were to cease of the economy, including industry, families,development led byof Australian an Orthodox Curriculum History, priest, tsar. Russians were told, and many that arose from the tsarist duma, and economy. Industrialisation involved the Australia 1918-1950s and United States of while researching and publishing extensively Sue Gordon being personal, self-indulgent and transport, trade and agriculture. It was Father Gapon, attempted to present America 1900–1945. 1918– ‘bourgeois’, and instead shouldaccepted, aim to thatnotable the tsar for had its been brutal policies thetowards Petrograd Sovietin various and topics local in education soviets and History.rapid As developmentIn addition to teaching of heavysenior Australian industry and 1906 January 1942– a petitionseries editor, to Tonythe played tsar. a pivotalIts purpose role in the Koori History in Victoriafeature for many years, Sue has Elizabeth Morganbrief biographies, profiles, Stalin consolidated divinely appointed to rule; to oppose across the country, a product of such as iron and steel, chemicals, 1914 1922 serve the state. Art was1939 to be positive, the peasants as the government development of the Nelson Modern History been actively involved in curriculum development Elizabeth currently teaches English and History The Bolsheviks dissolved 21 position as party was to seek the tsar’s intervention the Constituent Assembly the tsar was, in 1943effect, to oppose the revolutionary workersseries. He and is author soldiers. of The Industrial Revolutiontransport, and miningassessment andof VCE electricity History. Sue currently at Nossal High School, Berwick, Victoria. With leader optimistic, laud the achievements of sought to ensure adequate food to improveand co-author the of Thelives Changing of his World people. Order. teaches at RMIT University. She is a co-author more than 30 years of teaching experience, will of God. Tsar Nicholas II steadfastly production. The aim was to catch April March Bloody civil war Following Trotskyher conversion demoted, thefrom regime and motivateKamenev the joined people the Bolsheviksupplies for the RedKirov Army was anda Bolshevik urban who rose of Imagining Australia, and is the author of and having taught VCE Revolutions for more The petition called on the tsar to than 15 years, she is a passionate educator who Fundamental Laws; August Russia and Germany in Russia; the April expelled from the August tried to retainAugust–February his autocratic power in The Great Patriotic War up with RecognitionWestern and economies Rightsdefinitions of Indigenous within Peoples. a and summaries of key Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy,to work towards Partythe achievement in 1903 and of was activeindustrial in the workers.through War Communism the ranks to become theAUTHOR