UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK The Faculty of Engineering MSc in Environmental Engineering Efficiency and techno-economic analysis of the EU tomato supply chain Supervisor: Prof. Gang Liu Author: Alberto Zicari ____________________________________________________________ Academic Year 2018/2019 Table of contents List of tables ...................................................................................................................................... ..3 List of figures .................................................................................................................................... ..3 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ..6 1.1. Goals of the thesis ......................................................................................................................... ..7 1.2. Methodology and data sources .................................................................................................... ..7 1.3. Scheme of the thesis ..................................................................................................................... ..8 2. Introduction: the raw product ......................................................................................................... ..9 2.1. Cultivation ..................................................................................................................................... ..9 2.2. Description .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Diseases ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4. History ........................................................................................................................................... 11 2.5. Nutrition ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.6. Curiosities ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.7. Recipes .......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.8. Production ..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.9. Market and trade .......................................................................................................................... 15 2.9.1. Import ........................................................................................................................................... 15 2.9.2. Export ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3. Introduction: the processed product ............................................................................................... 17 3.1. Description .................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1. Canned tomatoes .......................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2. Ketchup ......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.3. Tomato paste ................................................................................................................................ 18 3.1.4. Tomato powder and tomato flakes .............................................................................................. 18 3.1.5. Tomato juice ................................................................................................................................. 18 3.1.6. Tomato sauce ................................................................................................................................ 18 3.2. Industrial processing ..................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1. Industrial processing of canned tomatoes ................................................................................... 21 3.2.2. Industrial processing of ketchup ................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3. Industrial processing of tomato paste .......................................................................................... 22 3.2.4. Industrial processing of tomato powder and tomato flakes ........................................................ 23 3.2.5. Industrial processing of tomato juice ........................................................................................... 23 3.2.6. Industrial processing of tomato sauce .......................................................................................... 23 3.3. Issues ............................................................................................................................................. 24 3.4. History ........................................................................................................................................... 24 3.5. Nutrition ........................................................................................................................................ 25 3.6. Curiosities ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3.7. Recipes .......................................................................................................................................... 26 3.8. Production ..................................................................................................................................... 27 3.9.1. Import ........................................................................................................................................... 28 3.9.2. Export ............................................................................................................................................ 29 4. The EU tomato supply chain ............................................................................................................ 31 4.1.1. The production stage .................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2. The processing stage ..................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.3. The distribution stage ................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.4. The retailing stage ......................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.5. The consumption stage ................................................................................................................. 33 1 4.2. Introduction about food waste ..................................................................................................... 34 4.2.1. The impact of food waste ............................................................................................................. 35 4.3. The food waste handling ................................................................................................................ 36 4.3.1. Prevention and minimization ........................................................................................................ 36 4.3.2. Reuse and composting .................................................................................................................. 36 4.3.3. Production of biogas and biomethane ......................................................................................... 37 4.3.4. Production of syngas ..................................................................................................................... 37 4.3.5. Production of ethanol ................................................................................................................... 38 4.3.6. Production of biodiesel ................................................................................................................. 38 4.3.7. Production of solid fuels ............................................................................................................... 38 4.3.8. Energy recovery ............................................................................................................................ 39 4.3.9. Disposal ......................................................................................................................................... 39 4.4. Material flow analysis .................................................................................................................... 40 4.4.1. Material flow analysis methodology ............................................................................................. 41 4.4.2. Material flow analysis results ....................................................................................................... 41 5. Economic analysis ...........................................................................................................................