Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2012-09 Naval Survivability and Susceptibility Reduction StudySurface Ship Kok, Steven Loke Yew Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17404 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS NAVAL SURVIVABILITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY REDUCTION STUDY—SURFACE SHIP By Steven Loke Yew Kok September 2012 Thesis Advisor: Christopher Adams Second Reader: Fotis Papoulias Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Naval Survivability and Susceptibility Reduction 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Study—Surface Ship 6. AUTHOR(S) Steven Loke Yew Kok 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ______N/A______. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Survivability has always been a main concern in naval warfare. The objectives of this thesis are to analyze the combat survivability components of a surface ship, and to look at the how each of the component’s design and implementation would affect the overall survivability of the ship. This thesis will take an overview look on survivability with regards to the threats that today’s warships would be facing, and the vulnerability and susceptibility reduction techniques, designs and implementations. The main focus of the thesis would be on susceptibility reduction, through signature management, threat warnings, threat suppressions, tactics and integrated networks. Finally, this thesis would illustrate the effects of applying the survivability enhancement techniques in a possible engagement scenario. As the techniques involved many cross-discipline fields in engineering, this thesis also aims to prepare a foundation for the development of a naval survivability discipline in NPS for the future. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Survivability, Susceptibility, Vulnerability, Ship Combat Survivability 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 137 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NAVAL SURVIVABILITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY REDUCTION STUDY— SURFACE SHIP Steven Loke Yew Kok Government of Singapore B.Eng. (Mechanical), University of Leicester, 2000 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2012 Author: Steven Loke Yew Kok Approved by: Christopher Adams Thesis Advisor Fotis Papoulias Second Reader Knox Millsaps Chair, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT Survivability has always been a main concern in naval warfare. The objectives of this thesis are to analyze the combat survivability components of a surface ship, and to look at the how each of the component’s design and implementation would affect the overall survivability of the ship. This thesis will take an overview look on survivability with regards to the threats that today’s warships would be facing, and the vulnerability and susceptibility reduction techniques, designs and implementations. The main focus of the thesis would be on susceptibility reduction, through signature management, threat warnings, threat suppressions, tactics and integrated networks. Finally, this thesis would illustrate the effects of applying the survivability enhancement techniques in a possible engagement scenario. As the techniques involved many cross-discipline fields in engineering, this thesis also aims to prepare a foundation for the development of a naval survivability discipline in NPS for the future. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SURVIVABILITY OVERVIEW ................................................................................1 A. VULNERABILITY ..........................................................................................3 B. SUSCEPTIBILITY ..........................................................................................4 C. DAMAGE CONTROL AND RECOVERABILITY.....................................5 II. THREATS ....................................................................................................................7 A. DETECTION....................................................................................................7 1. Radar .....................................................................................................7 2. Infra-Red Sensor ..................................................................................8 3. Electro-Optics .......................................................................................8 4. Acoustic Sensor ....................................................................................9 5. Magnetism ............................................................................................9 B. WEAPONS .....................................................................................................10 1. Ballistically Launched Projectiles ....................................................12 2. Cruise Missiles ....................................................................................14 3. Torpedoes............................................................................................17 4. Bombs ..................................................................................................20 5. Naval Mines ........................................................................................22 6. Others ..................................................................................................23 a. Small Arms ..............................................................................23 b. Rocket-Propelled Grenades (RPGs) .......................................24 c. Anti-Tank Weapons ................................................................25 d. Land-based Artilleries .............................................................26 e. Suicide Boats ...........................................................................27 7. Nuclear Effects ...................................................................................27 III. VULNERABILITY REDUCTION ..........................................................................31 A. STRUCTURAL/HULL INTEGRITY ..........................................................31 1. Material ...............................................................................................31 2. Armor ..................................................................................................32 B. CRITICAL EQUIPMENT ............................................................................33 1. Critical Chain Reduction/Elimination .............................................33 2. Equipment Placement ........................................................................33 3. Equipment Protection ........................................................................34 4. Equipment Redundancy (with Separation) .....................................34 C. DAMAGE CONTROL ..................................................................................35 1. Active ...................................................................................................35 a. Fire Suppression Systems .......................................................35 b. Water/ Flood Pumps ...............................................................35 c. Firefighting Teams .................................................................36 d. Damage Control/ Repair Teams .............................................37 2. Passive .................................................................................................37 a. Insensitive Munitions ..............................................................37 b. Self-sealing Fuel System .........................................................38 vii c. Low Flammability Hydraulics/Lubricants .............................38