Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Joint Waste Core Strategy 2010 - 2026 Evidence Base Report 1 - Waste Facilities September 2011 Planning Committee Site Visit Protocol www.staffordshire.gov.uk Contents 1 What are the different waste streams? 1 2 What types of technology are used to deal with the 5 different types of waste stream? acilities 3 Method of Treatment 6 aste F W 4 Total sites by type of facility 9 t 1 - 5 Waste Facilities in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent 12 6 Important sites for capacity 13 Evidence Base Repor 7 Waste Facilities by District 16 Appendices Environment Agency A Code Listing 47 Contents Evidence Base Report 1 - Waste Facilities What are the different waste streams? 1 1 What are the different waste streams? Municipal Waste (MSW) 1 1.1 The Defra definition of municipal waste is as follows “This includes household waste and any other wastes collected by a Waste Collection Authority, or its agents, such as municipal parks and gardens waste, beach cleansing waste, commercial or acilities industrial waste and waste resulting from the clearance of fly-tipped materials”. aste F 1.2 Note that household waste includes “waste from household collection rounds W (waste within Schedule 1 of the Controlled Waste Regulations 1992), waste from t 1 - services such as street sweeping, bulky waste collection, hazardous household waste collection, litter collections, household clinical waste collection and separate garden waste collection (waste within Schedule 2 of the Controlled Waste Regulations 1992), waste from civic amenity sites and wastes separately collected for recycling or composting through bring/drop off schemes, kerbside schemes and at civic amenity sites”.This waste stream is well monitored and as such good quality data is available. Evidence Base Repor 1.3 Municipal waste makes up less than 15% of the total waste produced in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent. Commercial Waste 1.4 The Defra definition of commercial waste is “Waste arising from any premises which are used wholly or mainly for trade, business, sport recreation or entertainment, excluding municipal and industrial waste”.This waste stream is less well documented. Periodic surveys are undertaken, and national estimates produced. Industrial Waste 1.5 The Defra definition of industrial waste is “Waste from any factory and from any premises occupied by an industry (excluding mines and quarries)”. This waste stream is less well documented. Periodic surveys are undertaken, and national estimates produced. 1.6 The ADAS study estimates 1.6 million tonnes of Commercial and Industrial waste in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent (2006/07) – two thirds is from industrial sources and one third from commercial sources, however given the national trend on declining industry and expanding service sectors the future may see a reduction in the above industry and commerce divide. Note that the mixed fraction of commercial waste has the greatest potential to be treated in a similar manner as municipal waste. Commercial and industrial (C&I) waste accounts for 39% of the total waste produced in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent. 2 What are the different waste streams? Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste (CD&E) 1 1.7 Construction and demolition waste consists of all waste originating from construction, renovation and demolition activities, such as rubble, bricks and tiles. Evidence Base Repor The building, construction and demolition industry is one of the largest producers of waste in England. Construction and demolition waste can be further broken down into the following: • concrete, bricks and tiles • asphalt, tar and tar by-products t 1 - W • metals aste F • soil and rubble acilities • wood. 1.8 This waste stream is relatively poorly understood although estimates do exist. It accounts for 44% of the total waste arisings in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent and as this is mainly clean/inert material, it is often used in quarries for restoration purposes. Due to increasing transport costs and landfill tax, this waste stream is increasingly processed and re-used on site whenever possible through the use of mobile plant, and therefore does not ‘enter’ the .waste stream as such, or used for landscaping or engineering purposes e.g. re-profiling golf courses. Agricultural Waste. 1.9 The Defra definition of agricultural waste is “Waste that is produced in the course of work on land used for agriculture and carried out in connection with the use of the land for that purpose will be considered to be agricultural waste. That is, it must be produced on a ‘farm’ and have been produced in the course of ‘farming’”. There is no definitive list for agricultural waste, however it includes: • animal health products • building waste • cardboard and paper • hazardous waste • metal, wood, glass and rubber • non packaging plastic • plastic packaging • vehicle and machinery waste. What are the different waste streams? 3 Note that as long as manure and slurry is used as a fertiliser on agricultural land then it will not be a waste. 1 1.10 This is the most recent waste stream to be defined as ‘controlled’ in 2006. “Agricultural Waste Regulations 2006” legislation came into force on 15 May 2006 and seeks to bring agricultural waste regulations in line with all other UK industrial waste controls. Unfortunately the majority of agricultural waste has in the past been acilities disposed of on site by burning or burial which poses serious threats to the environment. Now farmers will need to either store up their waste for a maximum of aste F twelve months prior to disposal at a licenced site, or apply to the Environment Agency W for a licence exemption or waste management licence. t 1 - 1.11 Agricultural waste arisings account for only 0.2% of total controlled waste produced in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent, however information on this waste stream and its management requirements are currently limited and relatively poorly understood. Estimates of the controlled element should be improved and refined in the coming years. Evidence Base Repor Hazardous Waste. 1.12 Hazardous waste is essentially waste that contains hazardous properties that may render it harmful to human health or the environment. The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD) defines hazardous waste as wastes featuring on the list of hazardous wastes in the European Waste Catalogue 2002, because they possess one or more of the 14 hazardous properties set out in Annex III of the HWD regulations. Examples of hazardous waste are substances such as brake fluid or waste paint. Hazardous waste accounts for 2.7% of the total controlled waste arisings in the area. The Waste Hierarchy 1.13 A key planning objective of Planning Policy Statement 10: Planning for Sustainable Waste Management is to drive waste management up the waste hierarchy. This guides choices about waste management options by ranking them in terms of their potential for causing harm to human health and the environment. The most desirable activity (elimination) is at the start of the hierarchy and the least desirable (disposal) is at the end.This means that waste should be reduced, reused, recycled and composted, used as a source of energy, and only disposed of as a last resort. This is shown in the diagram below: 4 What are the different waste streams? Figure 1: Waste Hierarchy 1 Evidence Base Repor t 1 - W aste F acilities What types of technology are used to deal 5 with the different types of waste stream? 2 What types of technology are used to deal with the different types of waste stream? 2 2.1 Waste management facilities can be divided into three basic types according to their physical characteristics/land use requirements: enclosed; enclosed thermal; and, open air treatment facilities. acilities Types of Waste Management Facility aste F W Table 1: Types of Waste Management Facility t 1 - Enclosed Enclosed Thermal Open Air Treatment Facility Materials Recycling Energy from Waste Composting Facility (MRF) Evidence Base Repor Mechanical Biological Pyrolysis Aggregate recycling and Treatment (MBT) reprocessing Transfer Stations Gasification Recyclate Storage Anaerobic Digestion Landfill (and landraise) In-vessel Composting Sewerage Treatment Facilities 2.2 Waste management facilities can then be divided further into three types of treatment: recycling; organic treatment (organic waste is biodegradable i.e. food and green waste); and, other residual waste treatment. In addition to this there is also the disposal option – landfill. Indicative facility types for Recycling, Organic Treatment and Other Treatment. Table 2: Indicative facility types for Recycling, Organic Treatment and Other Treatment. Recycling Organic treatment Other treatment Clean material recycling Open windrow composting Autoclaving facilities Dirty material recycling In-vessel composting Mechanical biological facilities treatment Material reprocessors Anaerobic digestion Gasification and Pyrolosis Energy from Waste 6 Method of Treatment 3 Method of Treatment 3 Methods of treatment. Evidence Base Repor 3.1 A number of methods of treatment are available for the different waste streams. Enclosed facilities (mechanical and biological processes). Table 3: Enclosed facilities (mechanical and biological processes). Process Description t 1 - W Mechanical Processes aste F Materials Recycling Facility (MRF) The sorting, separation, compaction and acilities storage of dry recyclables before sending on to specialist re-processors Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) A hybrid process that uses both mechanical and biological techniques to sort and separate mixed waste. Transfer stations A facility where solid waste materials are transferred from small vehicles to large trucks for efficient transport to treatment or disposal sites. Biological Processes Anaerobic Digestion Treats biodegradable organic waste in an enclosed vessel using bacteria in the absence of oxygen.This process breaks down the waste, generating useable products including: biogas which can be burnt to produce energy; fibre, for soil conditioning; and liquor, which can be used as a liquid fertiliser. In-vessel Composting Micro-organisms break down biodegradable waste using oxygen, leaving a residue (compost), water and carbon dioxide.