The Baker COMPACT BIBLE Dictionary Tremper Longman III General Editor Peter Enns Old Testament Editor Mark Strauss New Testament Editor C Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscriptcopyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Longman_CompactDict_JK_djm.indd iii 5/22/14 7:41 AM © 2014 by Baker Publishing Group Condensed from e Baker Illustrated Bible Dictionary Published by Baker Books a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakerbooks.com Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmi!ed in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior wri!en permission of the publisher. "e only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data "e Baker compact Bible dictionary / Tremper Longman III, general editor ; Peter Enns, Old Testament editor ; Mark Strauss, New Testament editor. pages cm Condensed from "e Baker illustrated Bible dictionary. ISBN 978-0-8010-1544-1 (paper) 1. Bible—Dictionaries. I. Longman, Tremper, editor of compilation. BS440.B255 2014 220.3—dc23 2013036470 Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture is taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version ®. NIV ®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com Scripture quotations labeled ESV are from "e Holy Bible, English Standard Version ® (ESV ®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. ESV Text Edition: 2007 Scripture quotations labeled NASB are from the New American Standard Bible ®, copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by "e Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. Scripture quotations labeled NET are from the NET BIBLE ®, copyright © 2003 by Biblical Studies Press, LLC. www.netbible.com. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations labeled NKJV are from the New King James Version. Copyright © 1982 by "omas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations labeled NLT are from the Holy Bible , New Living Translation, copyright © 1996, 2004, 2007 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations labeled NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript#copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Longman_CompactDict_JK_djm.indd iv 5/22/14 7:41 AM Contents Preface vii Contributors ix Abbreviations xiii A 1 N 243 B 31 O 251 C 60 P 257 D 87 Q 278 E 95 R 279 F 113 S 298 G 126 T 329 H 146 U 341 I 168 V 344 J 180 W 347 K 203 X 361 L 209 Y 362 M 221 Z 363 Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishingv Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Longman_CompactDict_JK_djm.indd v 5/22/14 7:41 AM Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscriptcopyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Longman_CompactDict_JK_djm.indd vi 5/22/14 7:41 AM Preface Christians read the Bible because the triune that led to the Compact Dictionary . I served God has revealed himself to us through these as the general editor and made the choices of pages. We worship God, not the Bible, but we which articles to include in the Compact Dic- learn about who God is and what pleases him tionary and also helped make them, well, more through these divinely inspired words. We not compact. Mark Strauss and Peter Enns were the only learn about God, but also about ourselves New Testament and Old Testament editors of and, using the language of Jesus’ parable of the the BIBD respectively. Well over one hundred sower (Mark 4:1–20), the word of God, like contributors wrote the articles that compose a seed, if planted in the rich soil of a recep- both these reference works and I thank them tive heart and mind, will transform the lives heartily for their labors. of those who read it. I also want to express my appreciation to !e main message of the Bible is clear and Baker Publishing Group. Jack Kuhatschek, easy to understand. God created everything, my longtime friend, initiated the project by including us, but we rebelled against him. We inviting me to be editor. I also want to thank need a savior, and that savior is Jesus Christ. Brian Vos and James Korsmo for their work !at said, though the main message is clear, on this project. !e la"er in particular was ex- the Bible is not always easy to understand. We tremely helpful in his close reading of the text encounter many strange names, places, cus- that helped us avoid many mistakes. !at said, toms, and concepts. e Baker Compact Bible as general editor, any remaining errors are my Dictionary is a handy tool that can help the responsibility. interested reader gain the knowledge necessary My sincere prayer and hope is that this tool to read the Bible with clarity of understanding. will help you, its user, to read the Bible with !e Compact Bible Dictionary is a shorter understanding so that you may come to know version composed of the most important en- tries from the much larger Baker Illustrated God even be"er. Bible Dictionary . !us, the same team that pro- Tremper Longman III duced the BIBD is to be thanked for the work Editor Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishingvii Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript#copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Longman_CompactDict_JK_djm.indd vii 5/22/14 7:41 AM Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscriptcopyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Longman_CompactDict_JK_djm.indd viii 5/22/14 7:41 AM Contributors Stephen J. Andrews, PhD, Professor of Old John A. Davies, PhD, Principal Emeritus, Testament, Hebrew, and Archaeology, Presbyterian !eological Centre, Sydney, Midwestern Baptist !eological Seminary, Australia Kansas City, MO John C. DelHousaye, PhD, Associate Profes- Sarah-Jane Austin, !M from Westminster sor of New Testament, Phoenix Seminary, !eological Seminary, Glenside, PA Phoenix, AZ Karelynne Gerber Ayayo, !D, Assistant Dean Joseph R. Dodson, PhD, Assistant Professor of the School of Ministry and Associate of Biblical Studies, Ouachita Baptist Uni- Professor of Biblical Studies, Palm Beach versity, Arkadelphia, AR Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL Jason Driesbach, PhD student at Hebrew Uni- Deron Biles, PhD, Dean of Extension Educa- versity of Jerusalem, Israel tion and Associate Professor of Old Testa- Ben C. Dunson, PhD, Sessional Assistant ment, Southwestern Baptist !eological Professor of Religion and !eology, Re- Seminary, Fort Worth, TX deemer University College, Ancaster, On- Michael F. Bird, PhD, Lecturer in !eology tario, Canada and Bible, Crossway College, Queensland, J. Sco" Duvall, PhD, Professor of New Testa- Australia ment and J. C. and Mae Fuller Chair of Bib- Tony Bird, PhD, Lecturer in Biblical Studies, lical Studies, Ouachita Baptist University, Presbyterian !eological College, Mel- Arkadelphia, AR bourne, Australia Seth Ehorn, PhD candidate at University of Ed- Dave L. Bland, PhD, Professor of Homilet- inburgh, New College, Edinburgh, Scotland ics and DMin Director, Harding School of Peter Enns, PhD from Harvard University, !eology, Memphis, TN Cambridge, MA; Biblical Scholar and Au- Art Boulet, graduate student at Columbia Uni- thor, Lansdale, PA versity, New York, NY Paul S. Evans, PhD, Assistant Professor of Old Norah Caudill, PhD, Adjunct Assistant Profes- Testament, McMaster Divinity College, sor of Old Testament, Fuller !eological Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Seminary, Pasadena, CA, and Faculty As- Charles Farhadian, PhD, Associate Professor sociate of Old Testament, Bethel Seminary, of World Religions and Christian Mission, San Diego, CA Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA Rosalind S. Clarke, PhD student at Highland Jerad File, M! student at Southwestern Bap- !eological College, Dingwall, Scotland tist !eological Seminary, Fort Worth, TX Bill Coe, MATS, Adjunct Professor of Music David Firth, PhD, Director of Extension Stud- at Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA ies, St. Johns College, No"ingham, England Rob Dalrymple, PhD, Academic Dean, Koi- Daniel Fletcher, PhD from Westminster !eo- nonia Graduate School of !eology, Liver- logical Seminary, Glenside, PA; Instructor, more, CA Eastern University, St. Davids, PA Tremper Longman III, Peter Enns, Mark Strauss, eds., The Baker Compact Bible Dictionary Baker Books,