International Federation for Human Rights Report Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran Introduction. 4 I. The people of Iraq: a history of exiles . 6 II. Forced internal displacements: the ethnic cleansing of Kurdish regions continues. 9 III. Displaced persons in autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan . 12 IV. The situation in autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan . 21 V. Iraqi refugees in Iran . 24 VI. Conclusions . 31 VII.Recommendations. 32 VIII.Appendix . 40 January 2003 “Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing” CONTENTS Introduction. 4 A. Mandate and objectives of the investigation commission B. Witness interviews C. General background D. Investigation conditions of the mission in autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan E. Investigation conditions of the mission in Iran I. The people of Iraq: a history of exiles . 6 1.1 A mosaic of people 1.2 Forced displacements, deportations and migratory waves II. Forced internal displacements: the ethnic cleansing of Kurdish regions continues. 9 2.1 Iraq among the countries with the highest number of displaced persons 2.2 Forced displacements and demographic changes within Iraq 2.3 Control of oil resources and borders 2.4 Endless displacements 2.5 Harassment of the Kurdish autonomous region 2.6 Organisation of ethnic cleansing and deportations III. Displaced persons in autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan . 12 3.1 The Anfalis: separation of families and extermination 3.2 Ethnic cleansing in the Kirkuk region: over 30 years of forced displacements and Arabisation policy 3.3 Forced enrolment 3.4 Forced displacements as means of repression on the families of political opponents 3.5 Forced displacement of minorities: Assyro-Chaldeans and Turkomans 3.6 Exodus and the impossible return 3.7 Displacement of Arab families to Kurdistan 3.8 Persons displaced as a result of the inter-Kurdish conflict IV. The situation in autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan . 21 4.1 Resettlement of displaced persons 4.2 Living conditions of displaced persons 4.3 Reasons of non-return to the villages of origin V. Iraqi refugees in Iran . 24 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Circumstances of the exodus of refugees 5.3 The case of Fayli Kurds 5.4 Prisoners and missing persons: amnesty or hoax? 5.5 Violence against women 5.6 Extrajudicial executions in the aftermath of the 1991 uprising VI. Conclusions . 31 VII.Recommendations. 32 AIJ - FIDH / PAGE 2 “Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing” VIII.Appendix . 40 Appendix A: Names of Assyro-Chaldean villages destroyed by Saddam Hussein's regime Appendix B: Official Iraqi documents concerning the research of displaced persons and ethnic identity modification Appendix C: Decree number 199 Appendix D: Official document ordering the withdrawal of a ration card from a displaced person Appendix E: List of missing persons Appendix F: Villages destroyed in the Garmian region during the Anfal operations, list of victims of the Anfal operations and data on orphans after the Anfal operations Appendix G: Property documents of deported persons Appendix H: List of churches destroyed by Saddam Hussein's regime Appendix I: List of 115 Assyrian citizens who went missing after the 1988 Anfal operations Appendix J: List of persons of Assyrian origin who went missing during the 1991 exodus Appendix K: List of Christian clergymen assassinated by Saddam Hussein's regime Appendix L: List of attacks perpetrated in Arbil from January to June 2002 Appendix M: List of prisons and detention centres built by the Iraqi regime Appendix N: List of dignitaries and Shiite clergymen assassinated by Saddam Hussein's regime AIJ - FIDH / PAGE 3 “Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing” INTRODUCTION The investigation mission particularly wishes to thank the - Kurdish civil governmental organisations persons who, with courage, patience and determination, - Kurdish non-governmental organisations accepted to testify. We are also grateful to Mr Ismail - Iraqi human rights and humanitarian organisations based in Kamandar Fattah, to the representatives of the Kurdish Iran authorities and the members of Iraqi political parties in exile, - International organisations to the Kurdish non-governmental and governmental organisations, to the Iraqi human rights and humanitarian Witnesses were met in the camps of displaced persons (such organisations based in Iran, and to the interpreters, Barzan as Barda Qaraman, Binaslawa and Daratou), in the collective and Hamid, for their translation and investigation work. towns built by the Iraqi regime to group Kurdish populations in the 1970s and 1980s (such as Smood, Piryadi and Shorish), in A. Mandate and objectives of the investigation former public buildings of the cities of Suleimaniya and commission Chemchemal, in private houses where displaced persons were resettled and in the offices of human rights or women's rights The International Alliance for Justice (AIJ) and the International organisations. Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH) conducted an investigation and observation mission from July 9 to July 25, The amount of displacements Iraqis have been confronted with 2002, among internally displaced persons located in the needs to be stressed: each family has had to flee because of autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan, and Iraqi Shiite refugees living in the repressive policy that does not spare anyone, men, women the Islamic Republic of Iran. or children, some families have been displaced several times. The members of the mission were Fabienne Messica for the The different communities have been used against one another FIDH and Françoise Brié for the AIJ. and have become pawns in a policy aiming at destroying them one after the other. Their mandate was to investigate the causes of displacement of Iraqis hosted in the Kurdish autonomous region and the Since Saddam Hussein's rise to power, the regime has enforced reasons that push Iraqi refugees into exile in Iran. ethnocidal policies against Kurds and Shiites, the assimilation of minorities such as the Assyro-Chaldeans, the suppression of The mission also wished to collect information on the current dissent, the enrolment of youth and repeated terror campaigns, state of human rights in Iraq, on the living conditions of families sometimes conducted without any motive whatsoever. housed in camps for displaced persons and refugees, on the Each of the interviewees stressed the fact that the threat of management and the hosting of these populations by the forced displacement, deportation or execution against them international community. The goal was to determine if, in the and their families was permanent. For years and even until current political context, the policy of repression, forced today, the lack of reaction of the international community enrolment in the army, terror, forced arabisation and ethnic concerning the state of human rights in Iraq has given Saddam cleansing, as witnessed during the previous joint mission1 Hussein and his clique a right of life and death over entire conducted by the FIDH and the AIJ, were still being pursued. communities. Saddam Hussein's regime also requires absolute discretion B. Witness interviews among the population and the secret services in order to make everything look normal to foreign observers and to prevent any The investigation mission interviewed: reaction within the population: prohibition of public displays of mourning during executions or funeral services, displacement - 80 witnesses in the camps of internally displaced persons in of families by successive small groups separated in different Kurdistan, the refugee camps in Iran and in districts selected districts, harassment operations and arrests during the night, according to the random sample method. The interviews were creation of many secret detention centres, kidnappings of conducted with the help of an independent translator. relatives or "tribe" members and disappearances. - Kurdish authorities AIJ - FIDH / PAGE 4 “Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing” C. General background family refuses to see them enrolled in Saddam Hussein's army (Al Qods), Saddam's Fedayin (Youth) or into the Ashbal After the second Gulf War and the repression of civilian Saddam2. The fleeing families cannot receive any help without populations in 1991, Iraq was divided into three zones: a no- the official document certifying their displacement, which the flight zone in the South, a Kurdish-controlled area which is also Iraqi authorities are supposed to deliver but now refuse to do so a no-flight zone and a zone controlled by Saddam Hussein's in order to conceal the ongoing ethnic cleansing. regime. The latter zone includes many towns in which Kurds account for Many of the witnesses we met are women, widows, often the majority of the population: Kirkuk, Khanaqin, Sinjar, the exhausted and traumatised by the worst episodes of repression cities of origin of most of the displaced persons interviewed by between 1980 and 1986. They witnessed the destruction of the mission. their villages, summary executions, kidnappings, and were In their majority, internally displaced persons and refugees are sometimes even forced to watch their children being tortured. Kurds who were forced by the Iraqi army or militias to flee their These women only hope for one thing: to return their village, to villages or towns, Shiites who are also the victims of repression, die there even if it is reduced to ashes. Assyrians (Christians), Turkomans deported to Kurdistan, opponents to the regime and Sunni Arab families. Finally, as confirmed by Kurdish