DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Leonid Rozenberg. Full, unedited interview, 2007 ID NY033.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4dc3n ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM TRANSCRIPT ENGLISH TRANSLATION 2 CITATION & RIGHTS 18 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 1/18 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Leonid Rozenberg. Full, unedited interview, 2007 ID NY033.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4dc3n ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN TRANSCRIPT ENGLISH TRANSLATION —We are in Brooklyn, New York, visiting a veteran of the Great Patriotic War. Please introduce yourself and tell us about your family, how you found out about the start of the war, how you ended up in the army. Please go ahead. My name is Leonid Rozenberg. I was born on September 3, 1921 in Izyaslav, Khmelnitsk Oblast, Ukraine. My father Boris Grigorievich Rozenberg was serving at the Polish border at the time. My mother Fanya Emmanuilovna lived there with my father. Back then my father, as well as many other Jewish people, supported the Revolution of 1917 and worked at the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, hoping for a better life for the Jewish people. They all hoped that the Pale of Settlement would be less strict as it used to be in the Tsarist Russia. This was the hope that led my father and his sister to give their full support of the revolution and to work hard to protect Soviet power. My father later fought in the “Batko Bozhenko” brigade of the Shchors division. He was even the Chief of Staff of this brigade. He ended up at this brigade by chance. He ran away from the Tsarist army with a Russian man. They came across a house where there was a celebration. Over 100 people gathered on the second floor. My father graduated from the music school in Zhytomyr, where he was born. His friend told him: “Boris, go ahead, play something.” There was a beautiful grand piano, many people and many beautiful women. So my father came up to the grand piano. A German was sitting at the piano and trying to play something with one finger. He asked him: “May I play?” The German replied, “Dogs and Yids are not welcomed here.” My father was a tall, strong man. He came up, grabbed that German, carried him across the room, threw him out of a second-floor window, and ran away. He went to the railroad station called Shepetovka. People were unloading cargo. There were boxes of paper in one of the train cars. Each box weighed about a hundred kilograms. He saw that four soldiers did not know what to do with that box, came up to them and said: “Guys, give it to me.” Batko Bozhenko, the brigade’s commander, stood at the side with his entourage. My father lifted that box, put it on his back, carried it for 20 meters and threw it off his back. Bozhenko, the brigade’s commander, watched that whole thing. He immediately called him over and said: “Do you want to fight under my command?” My father introduced himself and said: “Of course.” He fought in Bozhenko’s brigade until his death. Then, in 1920, he became a commandant of Berdychiv. He was not a Party member, and later changed his last name from Rozenberg to Razumov, because there was anti-Semitism back then, as there is now, and as it seems there always will be. My father left his post as a commandant of Berdychiv and went to a village called Chervone to cover up his tracks, because the repressions had already started. I lived in Chervone with my mother who was a physics 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 2/18 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Leonid Rozenberg. Full, unedited interview, 2007 ID NY033.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4dc3n ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN and mathematics teacher in a Jewish school. My father was drafted into the army in 1939. He fought for the liberation of Western Ukraine and in other operations; he fought in the Finnish War and in the Great Patriotic War. I finished tenth grade of high school in Chervone in 1939 and voluntarily entered Kiev Artillery Training School No. 1. I graduated from the training school on June 6, 1941 and was sent to the border, near the town of Lida. My mother graduated from the Kharkiv Dentistry Institute and became a pharmacy manager in a place called Ruzhyn in Zhytomyr Oblast. That’s where she was when the war began. The Germans shot my mother, my brother Emmanuil, and my seven-year old sister Irochka, who was shot in her bed. My mother was a pharmacy manager in Ruzhyn. I can talk a lot about that terrible time. We lived below the poverty line, so to speak. My father was an administrative employee at a plant, but I saw him last in 1939. I graduated from the training school and ended up at the border not far from Lida in the 20th Artillery Regiment of the 17th Rifle Division. This division had just returned from the Finnish War and it had not been replenished yet. I could sense enormous tension around the 19, 20, and 21 of June. We felt the breath of war. Still, the attack was sudden. Sudden in a sense that we did not know on which day the worst would come. At 4 am on June 22, I—a lieutenant and a platoon commander—had my first battle with the Nazis. The Germans opened an artillery fire, carrying out the so-called artillery preparation. Then their warplanes were hedge hopping over our heads and thundering down bullets. But I saw with my own eyes the main armada: the huge number of planes flying past us deeper into our country. They bombed Kiev, Zhytomyr, and many other cities. That was the terrifying first day of war. At 6am we tuned into Moscow announcing the start of the war on our 6PK radio stations. There were many killed and injured during the first few hours. The injured screamed: “Help! Save us!” The artillery regiment was horse-drawn. Many horses were killed. It was terrible. That’s when we began to retreat from the border. I especially remember a woman standing next to a fence with her four children, and yelling to us: “My dear, what will happen to us after you leave?”, but the horse-cart was pulling a cannon and we were retreating with our heads down. The Germans were spraying us with fire from their planes. The first days of war were terrible. No words can describe it. I was correcting the artillery fire of my battery together with a scout and a telephone operator on June 25, 1941. We hid behind a hillock. I had a pair of 12-fold binoculars that my father brought me from the Finnish War. At five in the morning, I looked in the binoculars and saw Germans at the edge of the wood, 300-400 meters from us. They were walking around half-naked, with their shirts off and mess tins in hand, getting ready for the next strike. I got this information ready for our artillery and was about to give the first order when 15-20 Germans with submachine guns 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 3/18 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Leonid Rozenberg. Full, unedited interview, 2007 ID NY033.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b4dc3n ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN popped up from the rye field and yelled: “Russians, surrender!” I had an officer uniform and a helmet on. We were not properly equipped, so I had a revolver in a pistol holster. I had to tie it up with a rope so as not to lose it when I rode a horse. When they popped up and there was a sea of fire, I managed to shoot down two officers at point blank. I threw one grenade first, then the second one. A cloud of dust rose. The submachine gun burst went across the face of my telephone operator. He fell down at once. One horse was killed. A gun burst went through my left leg, fracturing my bone into pieces. My boot was full of blood. However, I liked sports and was athletic. I jumped on the horse, took the reconnaissance man with me, and tried to ride away. We rode under constant fire for 150 meters. There was a peat field and a small brook there. We ended up in that peat field. You have to clear the peat with your hands and lead your horse. It took us an hour and a half to go through that swamp, but we finally made it. Roads in the west were narrow and made out of stone. Then suddenly I saw a Me109—"Messer". It was flying very high. It detected the scout and me on horseback, began to hedge hop and fire at us. The reconnaissance man would jump off the horse and hide. I could not get off the horse twice because my boot was full of blood and my leg was broken up. Finally, I could no longer stand it, so I hopped off the horse and rolled into a ditch. The plane circled around a few times and left. The horse went on for 150 meters and—such a smart animal—came back and stopped next to me. I mounted it and went to look for my men from the 20th Artillery Regiment. I ran into Germans several times.