Published by Associazione Teriologica Italiana Volume 26 (1): 25–35, 2015 Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy Available online at: http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it/article/view/10263/pdf doi:10.4404/hystrix-26.1-10263 Research Article Good for management, not for conservation: an overview of research, conservation and management of Italian small mammals Sandro Bertolinoa,∗, Paolo Colangelob, Emiliano Moria, Dario Capizzic aDepartment of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy bNational Research Council, Institute of Ecosystem Study, Verbania-Pallanza, Italy cRegional Park Agency, Latium Region, Via del Pescaccio 96, 00166 Rome, Italy Keywords: Abstract Biodiversity Rodentia Small mammals (Rodentia, Soricomorpha and Erinaceomorpha) play a crucial ecological role for Soricomorpha their distribution and importance in food chains, as well as for being considered environmental Erinaceomorpha bioindicators. Thus, they represent excellent models for understanding the evolutionary processes legal protection of ecosystems, population dynamics under changing environmental conditions, and habitat vulner- conservation priorities abilities. However, some rodents may help the spread of human diseases and are responsible for impacts alien species impacts on agriculture, forestry, and ecosystems. Consequently, small mammal species are often neglected in conservation biology, and only a few of them are protected according to national and European laws and directives. In this work, we summarize open questions related to Italian small Article history: mammals and analyze conservation issues linked to these species. We address research, manage- Received: 08 August 2014 ment and conservation priorities by considering ongoing activities and the novelties as regards the Accepted: 10 March 2015 taxonomy and zoogeography. In Italy, 39 native species, including four out of six Italian endemic mammal species and one questioned as native, and 10 alien species are currently included within the category “small mammals”. Although several studies revealed that small mammals may be heavily impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation as well as forest management, only three rodents are lis- ted in IUCN red list as “Near Threatened”, the remaining being “Least Concern”. We suggest that this may be due to the fact that pertinent information, is not translated in assessments in line with those of other taxonomic groups (e.g. bats). Conservation strategies are still inadequate, impacts of alien species still partly unknown or neglected. Thus, wide monitoring projects, ecological stud- ies and general public involvement in conservation effort should be implemented, with the aim to amend national legislation, thus providing native small mammals with adequate protection status. Introduction ial rodents, Meadows and Meadows, 1991, changes in water flow by Small mammals represent a polyphyletic assemblage which typically beaver dams, Naiman et al., 1986). applies to any non-flying mammal weighing less than a threshold value On the other hand, some rodent species may have an impact in the (e.g. <1 kg). However, the presence of some rodent species heavier spread of zoonotic diseases and on agriculture production, forestry and than 1 kg (e.g. Marmota marmota, Hystrix cristata, Myocastor coypus) other human activities (e.g. food industries). Furthermore, they may would make it difficult to establish a weight limit. Here, we consider as also negatively affect other species and/or ecosystems (Capizzi et al., “small mammals” all the Soricomorpha, Erinaceomorpha and Rodentia 2014). Therefore, the role of small mammals in providing ecosystem species present in Italy, regardless of their weight. services is overwhelmed by the fact that few species are regarded as Small mammals constitute a key component of ecosystems, contrib- pests and targeted for control throughout the world, both in native and uting to many functions: they can act as seed (Steele et al., 2005) and introduced ranges (Sieg, 1987; Delibes-Mateos et al., 2011; Capizzi et fungal spores dispersers (Janos et al., 1995; Bertolino et al., 2004) and al., 2014). This is perhaps the foundation of the perception that most, help pollination (Dickman, 1999). Furthermore, most of them are im- if not all, rodent species are pests and do not need any protection. For portant prey for a wide range of predators and many species are ef- this reason, small mammals are often neglected in conservation plan- ficient predators themselves (Capizzi and Luiselli, 1996a; Dickman, ning (Amori and Gippoliti, 2000). Among other mammals, carnivores 1999). Small mammals are also considered as bioindicators of sustain- and artiodactyls receive much more attention than rodents, despite the able forest management, as they respond to habitat disturbance (Capizzi latter account for nearly 40% of the world mammal species (Amori and and Luiselli, 1996b; Pearce and Venier, 2005; Leis et al., 2008; Mor- Gippoliti, 2000). In such a situation, the conservation of these species telliti et al., 2010, 2011) and to environmental contaminants (Talmage is far from being an easy issue, given also that they are rarely taken and Walton, 1991; Shore and Douben, 1994), thus enabling the detec- into account by the legislation: only very few small mammal species tion of environmental trends. The interactions between rodents and the are currently protected according to national and European laws and environment are sometimes so deep that these species are considered directives. as ecosystem engineers for their ability to change the physical states of the areas where they inhabit (e.g. by burrowing activities of fossor- Within this general framework, aims of our review were to: 1) sum- marize open issues related to Italian small mammals; 2) analyze con- servation issues concerning small mammals to better address conser- ∗Corresponding author vation priorities; 3) review currently ongoing management activities, Email address: [email protected] (Sandro Bertolino) stating whether they are based on documented and/or assumed impacts Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy ISSN 1825-5272 19th May 2015 ©cbe2015 Associazione Teriologica Italiana doi:10.4404/hystrix-26.1-10263 Hystrix, It. J. Mamm. (2015) 26(1): 25–35 Table 1 – Native Italian small mammals: * endemic species; ** species with a range centred in Italy and extended for a small part to neighbouring countries; *** considered as introduced. National red list reports the IUCN categories for Italy: LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; DD = Data Deficient. Family Species Vernacular name National Red List Erinaceidae Erinaceus europaeus European hedgehog LC Erinaceus roumanicus White-breasted hedgehog LC Talpidae Talpa europaea European mole LC Talpa romana * Roman mole LC Talpa caeca ** Blind mole DD Soricidae Sorex alpinus Alpine shrew LC Sorex antinorii ** Valais shrew DD Sorex minutus Eurasian pigmy shrew LC Sorex samniticus * Apennine shrew LC Suncus etruscus White-toothed pygmy shrew LC Neomys anomalus Southern water shrew DD Neomys fodiens Eurasian water shrew DD Crocidura leucodon Bicolored shrew LC Crocidura pachyura North African white-toothed shrew DD Crocidura sicula * Sicilian shrew LC Crocidura suaveolens Lesser white-toothed shrew LC Sciuridae Sciurus vulgaris Eurasian red squirrel LC Marmota marmota Alpine marmot LC Gliridae Dryomys nitedula Forest dormouse LC Eliomys quercinus Garden dormouse NT Glis glis Edible dormouse LC Muscardinus avellanarius Hazel dormouse LC Cricetidae Arvicola amphibius European water vole NT Arvicola scherman Fossorial water vole DD Chionomys nivalis European snow vole NT Microtus agrestis Field vole LC Microtus arvalis Common vole LC Microtus brachycercus * Calabria pine vole LC Microtus liechtensteini Liechtenstein’s pine vole LC Microtus multiplex ** Alpine pine vole LC Microtus savii ** Savi’s pine vole LC Microtus subterraneus European pine vole LC Myodes glareolus Bank vole LC Muridae Apodemus agrarius Striped field mouse LC Apodemus alpicola Alpine field mouse LC Apodemus flavicollis Yellow-necked field mouse LC Apodemus sylvaticus Long-tailed field mouse LC Micromys minutus Eurasian harvest mouse LC Hystricidae Hystrix cristata *** Crested porcupine LC and identifying future intervention priorities; 4) examine the recent ac- tion has been claimed yet (Kryštufek et al., 2014). Recently, Gippoliti quisitions in taxonomical and zoogeographical terms; 5) propose le- (2013), in a thoughtful and provocative paper, based on a screening of gislative measures to promote conservation and management of Italian the published literature, proposed to increase to 131 species the list of small mammals. the Italian mammals, with 20 introduced, and 15 possible endemic spe- cies. According to this paper, Italian small mammals would arise to 56 1. Are conservation priorities properly set? species. Although some of the putative species identified by Gippoliti (2013) are likely to represent only isolated populations and not good More endemic species than all mammals species, there is no doubt that the current taxonomic knowledge of the The list of Italian small mammals was compiled using Amori et al. Italian small mammals needs a thorough revision. (2008) and Rondinini et al. (2013) as references. Currently, 39 nat- ive species grouped in seven families are included within the category Rodents and Soricomorpha include four out of six Italian endemic “small mammals” in Italy (Tab. 1): Erinaceidae (n=2), Talpidae (n=3),