Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice: A Comparative Law Casebook International Commission of Jurists P.O. Box 91 33 rue des Bains CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland www.icj.org ISBN 978-92-9037-156-0 International Commission of Jurists The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is a non-governmental organisation devoted to promoting the understanding and observance of the rule of law and the legal protection of human rights throughout the world. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has many national sections and affiliated organisations. It enjoys consultative status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council, UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the African Union. The ICJ maintains cooperative relations with various bodies of the Organization of American States. P.O. Box 91 33 rue des Bains CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] www.icj.org President Professor Pedro NIKKEN, Venezuela Vice-President Justice John DOWD, Australia Executive Committee Dr. Rajeev DHAVAN, India Professor Jenny E. GOLDSCHMIDT, Netherlands Professor Vojin DIMITRIJEVIC, Serbia Dr. Karinna MOSKALENKO, Russia Justice Unity DOW, Botswana Justice Michèle RIVET, Canada Professor Robert GOLDMAN, United States Mr. Raji SOURANI, Palestine Other Commission Members Mr. Muhannad AL-HASANI, Syria Justice Kalthoum KENNOU, Tunisia Mr. Ghanim ALNAJJAR, Kuwait Professor David KRETZMER, Israel Professor Abdullahi AN-NA’IM, Sudan Professor Kazimierz Maria LANKOSZ, Poland Justice Solomy BALUNGI BOSSA, Uganda Justice Ketil LUND, Norway Mr. Abdelaziz BENZAKOUR, Morocco Justice José Antonio MARTÍN PALLÍN, Spain Justice Ian BINNIE, Canada Justice Charles MKANDAWIRE, Malawi Professor Alexander BRÖSTL, Slovakia Mr. Kathurima M’INOTI, Kenya Justice Azhar CACHALIA, South Africa Justice Sanji MONAGENG, Botswana Justice Moses HUNGWE CHINHENGO, Zimbabwe Professor Iulia MOTOC, Romania Professor Santiago CORCUERA, Mexico Professor Vitit MUNTARBHORN, Thailand Professor Louise DOSWALD-BECK, Switzerland Dr. Jorge Eduardo PAN CRUZ, Uruguay Justice Hesham EL BASTAWISI, Egypt Professor Mónica PINTO, Argentina Justice Elisabeth EVATT, Australia Professor Andrei RICHTER, Russia Professor Jochen FROWEIN, Germany Professor Sir Nigel RODLEY, United Kingdom Dr. Gustavo GALLÓN, Colombia Professor Claes SANDGREN, Sweden Mr. Stellan GÄRDE, Sweden Mr. Belisario dos SANTOS JUNIOR, Brazil Mr. Roberto GARRETÓN, Chile Justice Philippe TEXIER, France Professor Michelo HANSUNGULE, Zambia Professor U. Oji UMOZURIKE, Nigeria Ms. Sara HOSSAIN, Bangladesh Justice Vilenas VADAPALAS, Lithuania Ms. Gulnora ISHANKHANOVA, Uzbekistan Professor Yozo YOKOTA, Japan Ms. Asma JAHANGIR, Pakistan Justice E. Raúl ZAFFARONI, Argentina Ms. Imrana JALAL, Fiji Professor Leila ZERROUGUI, Algeria Honorary Members Professor Georges ABI-SAAB, Egypt Justice Claire L’HEUREUX-DUBÉ, Canada Justice P.N. BHAGWATI, India Dr. Jean-Flavien LALIVE, Switzerland Dr. Boutros BOUTROS-GHALI, Egypt Dr. Rudolf MACHACEK, Austria Mr. William J. BUTLER, United States Professor Daniel H. MARCHAND, France Professor Antonio CASSESE, Italy Mr. J.R.W.S. MAWALLA, Tanzania Justice Arthur CHASKALSON, South Africa Mr. François-Xavier MBOUYOM, Cameroon Justice Marie-José CRESPIN, Senegal Mr. Fali S. NARIMAN, India Dato’ Param CUMARASWAMY, Malaysia Professor Manfred NOWAK, Austria Professor Dalmo A De ABREU DALLARI, Brazil Professor Bertrand G. RAMCHARAN, Guyana Professor Alfredo ETCHEBERRY, Chile Sir Shridath S. RAMPHAL, Guyana Lord William GOODHART, United Kingdom Professor Daniel THÜRER, Switzerland Justice Lennart GROLL, Sweden Professor Christian TOMUSCHAT, Germany Professor Louis JOINET, France Justice Michael A. TRIANTAFYLLIES, Cyprus Justice P.J.G. KAPTEYN, Netherlands Professor Theo C. VAN BOVEN, Netherlands Justice Michael D. KIRBY, Australia Justice Lucius WILDHABER, Switzerland Professor Kofi KUMADO, Ghana Dr. José ZALAQUETT, Chile Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice: A Comparative Law Casebook © Copyright International Commission of Jurists The ICJ permits free reproduction of extracts from any of its publications provided that due acknowledgment is given and a copy of the publication carrying the extract is sent to its headquarters at the following address: International Commission Of Jurists P.O. Box 91 33 rue des Bains CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland Email: [email protected] www.icj.org ® Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice: A Comparative Law Casebook ISBN: 978-92-9037-156-0 Design and layout: Plain Sense, Geneva Printing: Atar Roto Presse SA, Geneva Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice: A Comparative Law Casebook This Casebook was researched and written by Alli Jernow with the assistance of Derek Loh, Anna Maitland, Anne Poulos, and Giulia Testa. Law students at UNC- Chapel Hill, supervised by Professor Holning Lau, provided additional research. It was reviewed by Ian Seiderman and edited by Robert Archer. Priyamvada Yarnell co-ordinated its production, assisted by Arianna Rafiq. The ICJ is grateful to a number of other people around the world who contributed to this project by identifying and obtaining cases and providing translations, commentary and context, including Ethan Arrow, Jack Byrne, John Chigiti, Jeehyae Chung, Sonia Correa, Tamás Dombos, Justus Eisfeld, Roberto Gonçale, Gabor Gyori, Hiromasa Hazama, Richard Köhler, Grega Kumer, SeungHyun Lee, Paisarn Likhitpreechakul, Anne Lim, Ghassan Makarem, Elif Ceylan Ozsoy, Esteban Restrepo Saldarriaga, Mubasher Saeed, Douglas Sanders, Michael Vidler, Kees Waaldijk, Robert Wintemute, and Azusa Yamashita. Table of Contents Acronyms xiii Foreword xv The Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG xv Introduction 1 Background 1 Purpose 1 Limitations 2 Observations 3 Chapter one: Decriminalisation 7 Introduction 7 Case Summaries 14 Case No. 111-97-TC, Constitutional Tribunal of Ecuador (27 November 1997) 14 National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v. Minister of Justice, Constitutional Court of South Africa (9 October 1998) 15 Banana v. State, Supreme Court of Zimbabwe (29 May 2000) 19 Lawrence v. Texas, United States Supreme Court (26 June 2003) 23 Kanane v. State, Court of Appeal, Botswana (30 July 2003) 27 McCoskar and Nadan v. State, High Court of Fiji at Suva (26 August 2005) 29 Leung v. Secretary for Justice, High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Court of Appeal (20 September 2006) 32 Secretary for Justice v. Yau Yuk Lung Zigo and Lee Kam Chuen, Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (17 July 2007) 37 Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi and Others, High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, India (2 July 2009) 38 In re Article 534, Criminal Court of Al-Bitroun, Lebanon (2 December 2009) 42 Tan Eng Hong v. Attorney General, High Court of the Republic of Singapore (15 March 2011) 44 Chapter two: Universality, Equality and Non-Discrimination 47 Introduction 47 Case Summaries 51 Romer v. Evans, United States Supreme Court (20 May 1996) 51 Vriend v. Alberta, Supreme Court of Canada (2 April 1998) 52 Kenneth Suratt and Others v. Attorney General, Court of Appeal of Trinidad and Tobago (26 January 2006) 55 Sunil Babu Pant and Others v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal (21 December 2007) 57 Mukasa and Oyo v. Attorney General, High Court of Uganda at Kampala (22 December 2008) 62 Kasha Jacqueline, David Kato Kisule and Onziema Patience v. Rolling Stone Ltd and Giles Muhame, High Court of Uganda at Kampala (30 December 2010) 64 Chapter three: Employment Discrimination 69 Introduction 69 Case Summaries 73 Morrison v. State Board of Education, Supreme Court of California, United States (20 December 1969) 73 Padula v. Webster (Director, FBI), United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (26 June 1987) 76 Sentencia C-481/98, Constitutional Court of Colombia (9 September 1998) 79 P v. State Health Institution “Dorozhnaya Policlinika of Oktyabrskaya Railways” (Case 1066/05), Frunzensky District Court of St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (10 August 2005) 82 Schroer v. Billington, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, (19 September 2008) 84 SR Siras v. Aligarh Muslim University, High Court at Allahabad, India (1 April 2010) 87 Chapter four: Freedom of Assembly, Association and Expression 93 Introduction 93 Case Summaries 98 Gay Alliance of Students v. Matthews, United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit (28 October 1976) 98 In re Futyu Hostel, Tokyo High Court, Civil 4th Division, Japan (16 September 1997) 102 Hatter v. Pepsi Sziget, Budapest 2nd and 3rd District Court of Justice, Hungary (March 2002) 105 K 21/05, In re Road Traffic Act, Constitutional Tribunal of Poland (18 January 2006) 107 Asociación Lucha por la Identidad Travesti-Transexual v. Inspección General de Justicia, Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina (21 November 2006) 109 In re Fedotova, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (19 January 2010) 112 Ang Ladlad v. Commission on Elections, Supreme Court of the Philippines (8 April 2010) 114 The People v. Siyah Pembe Üçgen Izmir Association (“Black Pink Triangle”), Izmir Court of First Instance No. 6, Turkey (30 April 2010) 117 Chapter five: Military Service 123 Introduction 123 Case Summaries 125 Sentencia C-507/99, Constitutional Court of Colombia (14 July 1999) 125 Sentencia 0023-2003-AI/TC, Constitutional Tribunal of Peru (9 June 2004) 128 Sentencia 00926-2007-AA, Constitutional Tribunal of Peru (3 November 2009) 129 Log Cabin Republicans v. United States, United States District Court for the Central District of California