Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive establishes amarket foothold February 2009 Progress towards sustainable transportation International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive establishes a market foothold February 2009 Progress towards sustainable transportation The IA-HEV, also known as the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IA-HEV do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. Cover photo: The electric drive establishes a market foothold. More and more vehicles with an electric drive under the hood are on the road. One example is shown here, the well-known hybrid electric Toyota Prius. (Photo © M. van Walwijk.) International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Annual report of the Executive Committee and Annex I over the year 2008 Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive establishes a market foothold Concept and editing: Martijn van Walwijk (IA-HEV secretary) Co-editing: Chris Saricks (Operating Agent Annex I) and ANL team Contributing authors: James Barnes DOE USA Stéphane Biscaglia ADEME France Arie Brouwer SenterNovem The Netherlands Carol Burelle NRCan Canada Mario Conte ENEA Italy Andreas Dorda BMVIT Austria Bernhard Egger A3PS Austria Jørgen Horstmann Consultant Denmark Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Sigrid Kleindienst Muntwyler Energietechnik AG Switzerland Hironori Kobayashi NEDO Japan B.J. Kumar on behalf of DOE USA Urs Muntwyler IA-HEV chairman Switzerland Eren Öszu TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Carrie Pottinger IEA France Dan Santini ANL USA Chris Saricks ANL USA Horst Schaffer TrolleyMotion Switzerland Jussi Suomela Helsinki University of Technology Finland Charles Thibodeau NRCan Canada Tom Turrentine UC Davis USA Hamdi Ucarol TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Martijn van Walwijk IA-HEV secretary France Frédéric Vergels AVERE Belgium Erik Verhaeven VITO Belgium Contents Page Contents II Report structure IV A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 1.1 Hybrid and electric vehicles and the role of IA-HEV 1 1.2 Summary of IA-HEV activities in 2008 7 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 18 2.1 The International Energy Agency 18 2.2 The Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 23 3 IA-HEV clean vehicle awards 36 B: IA-HEV task forces 4 Information exchange (Annex I) 40 5 Clean city vehicles (Annex IX) 44 6 Electrochemical systems (Annex X) 49 7 Electric cycles (Annex XI) 54 8 Heavy-duty hybrid vehicles (Annex XII) 60 9 Fuel cells for vehicles (Annex XIII) 65 10 Market deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles: Lessons learned (Annex XIV) 71 11 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (Annex XV) 78 C: H&EVs worldwide 12 Overview of hybrid and electric vehicles in 2008 82 12.1 Statistical information and fleets 82 12.2 Trolley buses 85 13 Austria 89 14 Belgium 103 15 Canada 115 II IA-HEV Annual report 2008 16 Denmark 122 17 Finland 130 18 France 136 19 Italy 144 20 The Netherlands 157 21 Sweden 167 22 Switzerland 176 23 Turkey 194 24 United States 207 25 Developments in selected IA-HEV non-member countries 225 25.1 Germany 225 25.2 India 227 25.3 Ireland 228 25.4 Japan 230 25.5 New Zealand 233 25.6 Spain 235 D: Outlook 26 Outlook for hybrid and electric vehicles 237 E: Practical information IA-HEV publications 246 Vehicle categories 250 Conversion factors 251 Glossary 253 Abbreviations 266 IA-HEV contact information 272 IA-HEV Annual report 2008 III Report structure This report consists of five main parts. Part A ‘About IA-HEV’ describes the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA-HEV), its activities and its plans for the coming years. The Chairman’s message in chapter 1 includes a summary of IA-HEV activities in 2008 (section 1.2). Chapter 2 explains the relationship between IA-HEV and the International Energy Agency (IEA) and it describes the IA-HEV history, results and working programme. This year it also includes essentials of the strategic plan for the fourth phase of the Agreement (2009-2014). Chapter 3 presents the IA- HEV clean vehicle awards. Part B ‘IA-HEV task forces’ presents the results of the work that is performed by the task forces working under this Agreement. The work of each task force is organised in the form of an Annex. A general picture of hybrid and electric vehicles (H&EVs) around the globe is painted in part C ‘H&EVs worldwide’. The first chapter (12) in this section gives worldwide H&EV statistical information and developments in 2008. This year the overview chapter includes a section on trolley buses, as a special topic. More detailed information on H&EV activities in each IA-HEV member country is presented in chapters 13 through 24. Chapter 25 highlights H&EV issues in selected IA-HEV non-member countries. Part D is dedicated to an outlook for the future of hybrid and electric vehicles, as it is seen by the IA-HEV Executive Committee. Part E gives practical information related to hybrid and electric vehicles and the Agreement: a list of IA-HEV publications, definitions of vehicle categories, conversion factors for H&EV related units, a glossary of terms, abbreviations and contact information of the IA-HEV participants. IV IA-HEV Annual report 2008 A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 Chairman’s message The future will be electric and renewable The strong interest for hybrid and electric vehicles as one of the future mobility solutions had a great impact on the work of the IEA Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA-HEV). It inspired the planning of the 4th phase of the Implementing Agreement that will start in December 2009. 1.1 Hybrid and electric vehicles and the role of IA-HEV The technical solution is known: it is electric and renewable! The best solution and therefore the future for transportation will be electric and renewable. Why is this so obvious? Basic physics and nature tell us why: - The electric drive is at least 3 times more efficient than combustion processes. - Many options for the clean and renewable production of the electricity already exist, ranging from hydro- and wind power, locally produced biomass power plants to decentralized solar power stations, photovoltaics, etc. Within the framework of the ‘Large scale test with lightweight electric vehicles’ in Mendrisio (Switzerland), test bench measurements in the automotive department of the University of Applied Sciences Bern compared the energy consumption of the Volkswagen Golf and Peugeot 106 with electric-, diesel- and gasoline drivetrains (figure 1.1). Measurements in daily use have substantiated this result. 80 288 70 252 60 216 50 180 40 144 30 108 20 72 Energy consumption [kWh/100 km] Energy consumption [MJ/100 km] 10 36 0 0 VW Golf VW Golf VW Golf Peugeot 106 Peugeot 106 Peugeot 106 Citystromer TDI Swiss Line Electrique Open Palm Beach EV Diesel Gasoline EV Diesel Gasoline Fig. 1.1 Electric vehicles are at least 3 times more energy efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles. Shown are Volkswagen (VW) Golf and Peugeot 106 test bench measurements for the big fleet test in Mendrisio, Switzerland, 1994. IA-HEV Annual report 2008 1 1 Chairman’s message A: About IA-HEV What is your sustainable mobility portfolio? In our annual report of March 2008 we compared the ranges of vehicles using different kinds of biomass-based fuels produced on one hectare of land with a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with electricity produced by one hectare of photovoltaics. This comparison shows the big advantage of the electric solution over renewable energies made from crops. You can repeat this exercise with electricity produced by wind, or by a hydropower plant. The IEA report ‘Towards a sustainable energy future’ mentions “there is no intrinsic ceiling to variable renewables’ potential”. The integration of renewable electricity into the transport sector can be supported by the use of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, which is under investigation by our specialists in the PHEV task force (IA-HEV Annex XV). Even 100% renewable energy is attainable. Our position in the actual debate of the use of biofuels is important - also because hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can and will use biofuels in addition to electricity. So the conclusion that alternative motor fuels are obsolete is being rash in judgement. For some transportation applications such as certain heavy-duty vehicles, large ships and especially commercial airplanes the electric solution is actually not competitive. Alternative motor fuels and later hydrogen produced by renewable energies can fill this gap. By using electric drivetrains we can limit the use of arable land for the production of alternative motor fuels as a worthy resource for special applications. It lowers the pressure for an excessive use of land in developing and industrialized countries and it avoids a destructive competition between food and the use in transportation. Future transportation may show the following portfolio: - Go by foot and use bicycles - for longer distances use electric assist bicycles. - Use clean electricity for means of mass transportation (railways, ….) as much as possible. - Replace passenger vehicles and buses as much as possible by trams and electric trolley buses in densely populated areas. - Replace diesel buses, diesel trucks etc. by hybrid vehicles with alternative motor fuels (later perhaps hydrogen) as much as possible.