Notes CHAPTER 1 READING CULTURAL HISTORY 1. Michel de Certeau, The Writing of History, trans. Tom Conley (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), p. 3. 2. Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Balti­ more: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 84-5 and passim. 3. Cf. Certeau, The Writing of History, p. 287. 4. For an excellent example of the social history of the family in the pe­ riod, see Susan Dwyer Amussen, An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988). Amussen analyses texts, including advice manuals, as well as the economy and demog­ raphy of the Norfolk villages she discusses, and she recognizes that there may be a gap between beliefs and practices. Where they differ, it is the practices she pursues. 5. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), pp. 156-8. 6. 'Fiction' is itself a problematic term, of course. I use it here, for want of a better, in order to avoid the value judgement commonly implied by 'literature', but the category rarely exists in pure form. Mimetic fiction, not self-evidently an independent mode until the nineteenth century, depends on (the illusion of) reference to what is perceived as fact (human psychology, social convention, etc.). Meanwhile, epic, chronicle drama, and even romance, were not usually offered as pure invention. Current categories of' faction' and drama-documentary also deconstruct the opposition between fact and fiction. lowe this reser­ vation to a conversation with Martin Kayman. 179 180 Notes to Pages 9-20 7. Clifford Geertz, "'From the Native's Point of View": On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding', The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), ch. 3. 8. Certeau, The Writing of History, p. 33. Certeau is concerned here pri­ marily with previous historical debates, but the point also holds for the material they consider. 9. See, for example, Richard J. Evans, In Defence of History (London: Granta, 1997). For a much more thoughtful account of the limitations of constructivism, see Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1995). 10. Jacques Derrida, 'Differance', 'Speech and Phenomena' and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs, trans. David B. Allison (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973), pp. 129-60. 11. As Patricia Parker points out, there is no shortcut to the process of learning the language(s) of the past. See her Shakespeare from the Mar­ gins: Language, Culture, Context (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 18-19. 12. Kiernan Ryan, ed., New Historicism and Cultural Materialism: A Reader (London: Arnold, 1996), p. xviii. 13. These questions are not always so easily answered, of course (see Jacques Derrida, Limited Inc (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1988)), but that does not, in my view, legitimate ignoring them. 14. See, for example, Stephen Greenblatt, 'Fiction and Friction', Shakespear­ ean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 66-93. 15. James Fernandez, 'Historians Tell Tales: Of Cartesian Cats and Gallic Cockfights', Journal of Modern History, 60 (1988), pp. 113-27 (p. 118). I am grateful to Stuart Clark for this reference. 16. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (Ox­ ford: Oxford University Press, 1936). 17. William and Malleville Haller, 'The Puritan Art of Love', Huntington Library Quarterly, 5 (1941-42), pp. 235-72. 18. Robert Crofts, The Lover: or, Nuptiall Love (London, 1638), sigs A7v­ A8r. Cf. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. Thomas C. Faulkner, Nicholas K. Kiessling and Rhonda L. Blair (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3 vols, 1989-94), 3.2.1.2 (vol. 3, pp. 52-3). 19. See, for example, Lena Cowen Orlin's dense and compelling analysis of conflicts of power in the early modern household (Private Matters and Public Culture in Post-Reformation England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Uni­ versity Press, 1994). I have written of the ambiguities of early modern Notes to Pages 22-32 181 marriage in The Subject of Tragedy: Identity and Difference in Renais­ sance Drama (London: Methuen, 1985), pp. 129-221. See also Catherine Belsey, 'Disrupting Sexual Difference: Meaning and Gender in the Comedies', Alternative Shakespeares, ed. John Drakakis (London: Methuen, 1985) pp. 166-90. 20. Thomas Becon, Worckes (London, 1560-64), vol. 1, fol. 616r. 21. Thomas Becon, Preface to H. Bullinger, The Christen State ofMatrimonye, trans. Miles Coverdale (London, ?1546), sig. A3v. 22. Rachel Speght, A Muzzle for Melastomus, The Women's Sharp Revenge, ed. Simon Shepherd, (London: Fourth Estate, 1985), pp. 57-83 (p. 71). 23. Josuah Sylvester, trans., The Divine Weeks and Works of Guillaume de Saluste Sieur du Bartas, ed. Susan Snyder, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 1.6.1055-9. 24. Frances E. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). CHAPTER 2 DESIRE IN THE GOLDEN WORLD: LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST AND AS YOU LIKE IT 1. William Shakespeare, As You Like It, ed. Agnes Latham, The Arden Shakespeare (London: Methuen, 1975). 2. William Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, ed. H. R. Woudhuysen, The Arden Shakespeare (Walton-on-Thames: Nelson, 1998). 3. Frances A. Yates, The French Academies of the Sixteenth Century (Lon­ don: Warburg Institute, 1947). 4. Andrew Gurr, Playgoing in Shakespeare's London (Cambridge: Cam­ bridge University Press, 1987), pp. 147-53. 5. 'Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show ...'(Philip Sidney, Astrophil and Stella, 1.1, The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. William A. Ringler, Jr. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), p. 165). 6. William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, ed. Harold F. Brooks, The Arden Shakespeare (London: Methuen, 1979),4.1.213. 7. William Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Windsor, ed. H. J. Oliver, The Arden Shakespeare (London: Methuen, 1971), 2.1.14-18; 1.1.179-80. 8. See Catherine Belsey, Desire: Love Stories in Western Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 81-6 and passim. 9. In this instance 'faining' also means 'soft' (a soft voice). 10. For a sophisticated account of the racial implications of 'fair' in the period, see Kim Hall, Things of Darkness: Economies of Race and Gender 182 Notes to Pages 32-44 in Early Modern England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), pp.62-122. 11. Q and F give 'affection', but most modern editors amend this to 'af­ fectation' . 12. G. K. Hunter, 'Poem and Context in Love's Labour's Lost', Shakespeare's Styles: Essays in Honour of Kenneth Muir, ed. Philip Edwards, Inga-Stina Ewbank and G. K. Hunter, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 25-38 (p. 36). 13. Ibid., p. 33. 14. The Holie Bible [Bishops' version] (London, 1572). 15. See, for example, Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis (Chapters 1-5), trans. George V. Schick, Luther's Works, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan, vol. 1 (Saint Louis, MI: Concordia, 1958), p. 115, but the point is confirmed in most discussions of the issue. 16. John Calvin, A Commentarie of John Calvine, upon the first book of Moses called Genesis, trans. Thomas Tymme (London, 1578), pp. 71, 73. 17. Luther, Lectures on Genesis, p. 67. 18. Nicholas Gibbens, Questions and Disputations Concerning the Holy Scrip­ ture (London, 1601), p. 83. 19. Andrew Willet, Hexapla in Genesin (Cambridge, 1605), p. 39. 20. Gervase Babington, Certaine Plaine, brief, and comfortable Notes, upon every Chapter of Genesis (London, 1596), p. 24. 21. Henoch Clapham, A Briefe of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1596), p. 18. 22. John Carey and Alastair Fowler, eds, The Poems of John Milton (Lon­ don: Longman, 1968). 23. John Wing, The Crowne Conjugal! or, The Spouse Royal! (Middelburgh, 1620), pp. 27-32. 24. Ibid., p. 28. 25. Ibid., p. 29. 26. Thomas Gataker, A Good Wife Gods Gift. A Marriage Sermon on Provo 19.14, Two Marriage Sermons (London, 1620), p. 9. 27. Ester Sowernam, Ester Hath Hang'd Haman (1617), The Women's Sharp Revenge, ed. Simon Shepherd, (London: Fourth Estate, 1985), pp. 85- 124 (p. 93). Jane Anger had argued that Eve's creation out of flesh rather than dust demonstrated the superior excellence of women, (Jane Anger her Protection for Women (1589), The Women's Sharp Revenge, pp. 29-51 (p. 39). 28. Henry Smith, A Preparative to Mariage (London, 1591), p. 25. 29. Josuah Sylvester, trans., The Divine Weeks and Works of Guillaume de Saluste Sieur du Bartas, ed. Susan Snyder, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Notes to Pages 45-53 183 Press, 1979), 1.6.959-66. 30. Ibid., 1.6.1003-18. Cf. Calvin: Adam lost a rib, 'but for the same a greater reward was given unto him, when he got a faithful compan­ ion of life: yea, when he saw himself to be perfect and complete in his wife, who before was but as an half creature (my italics), (A Commentarie upon Genesis, p. 76). 31. See, for example, ibid., 2.1.2.269-72. 32. Ibid., 1.6.1044-54. 33. Luther, Lectures on Genesis, p. 133. 34. See, for example, Thomas Peyton, The Glasse of Time in the First Two Ages (London, 1620), The Second Age, p. 22. 35. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson, eds, The Sermons ofJohn Donne, 10 vols (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1955), vol. 2, p. 336. 36. William Perkins, Christian Oeconomie, trans. Thomas Pickering, Works, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1618), p. 671. Cf. John Milton, The Complete Prose Works, vol. 2, ed. Ernest Sirluck (London: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 447. 37. Marjorie Garber, 'The Education of Orlando', Comedy from Shakespeare to Sheridan: Change and Continuity in the English and European Dramatic Tradition, ed.