Inequality among lesbian, gay bisexual and transgender groups in the UK: a review of evidence Nathan Hudson-Sharp and Hilary Metcalf, National Institute of Economic and Social Research July 2016 1 This research was commissioned by the Government Equalities Office (GEO). The findings and recommendations are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the GEO or government policy. While the GEO has made every effort to ensure the information in this document is accurate, the GEO does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of that information. 2 Table of Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................................... i Glossary ..................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and scope ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Overview of method ...................................................................................... 2 1.4 Structure of the report ................................................................................... 3 2 Overview of the evidence base ............................................................................ 5 Key points .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 5 2.2 The relative extent of the evidence base ....................................................... 9 2.3 Specific groups .............................................................................................. 9 2.4 Conclusions................................................................................................. 10 3 Education ........................................................................................................... 11 Key points ............................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 12 3.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 12 3.3 Discrimination .............................................................................................. 13 3.4 Heterosexism, transsexism and heteronormativity ...................................... 15 3.5 Bullying, harassment and language ............................................................ 18 3.6 Consequences of homophobia, biphobia and transphobia in education ..... 24 3.7 Education outcomes .................................................................................... 26 3.8 Conclusions................................................................................................. 27 4 Safety ................................................................................................................ 30 Key points ............................................................................................................ 30 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 30 4.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 30 4.3 Hate Crime .................................................................................................. 31 4.4 Domestic Violence ...................................................................................... 35 4.5 Conclusions................................................................................................. 37 5 Health ................................................................................................................ 38 Key points ............................................................................................................ 38 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 40 5.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 40 5.3 The health of LGB people ........................................................................... 41 5.4 Transgender and health .............................................................................. 58 5.5 Conclusions................................................................................................. 61 3 6 Access to and experience of services ................................................................ 64 Key points ............................................................................................................ 64 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 64 6.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 64 6.3 Experiences of services .............................................................................. 65 6.4 Barriers to using services ............................................................................ 66 6.5 Monitoring and engaging LGB&T people .................................................... 68 6.6 Demand for services ................................................................................... 69 6.7 Impact of spending cuts on LGB&T services............................................... 69 6.8 Conclusions................................................................................................. 70 7 Employment ....................................................................................................... 71 Key points ............................................................................................................ 71 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 71 7.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 71 7.3 Employment patterns .................................................................................. 72 7.4 Pay and benefits ......................................................................................... 74 7.5 Discrimination, bullying and harassment ..................................................... 75 7.6 Employer policies and practices .................................................................. 80 7.7 Conclusions................................................................................................. 81 8 LGB&T families, adoption and fostering ............................................................ 83 Key Points ............................................................................................................ 83 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 83 8.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 83 8.3 LGB&T support networks and ‘families of choice’ ....................................... 84 8.4 LGB&T adoption and fostering .................................................................... 87 8.5 Marriage and civil partnerships of same-sex couples .................................. 88 8.6 Conclusions................................................................................................. 89 9 Homelessness and Access to Housing Provision .............................................. 90 Key Points ............................................................................................................ 90 9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 90 9.2 The evidence base ...................................................................................... 90 9.3 Homelessness ............................................................................................. 91 9.4 Accessing suitable housing ......................................................................... 92 9.5 Housing into old age ................................................................................... 93 9.6 Conclusions................................................................................................. 94 10 Civic Society ................................................................................................... 96 Key Points ............................................................................................................ 96 10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 96 10.2 The evidence base ................................................................................... 96 10.3 Disengagement from formal democracy .................................................. 97 10.4 Barriers to engagement ........................................................................... 97 10.5 Informal engagement ............................................................................... 98 10.6 Experiences of participation ....................................................................