Period 4: 1800-1848 Jefferson Era, Era of Good Feelings, and Jackson Eras Thematic Learning Objectives for Period 4 America in the World: The exchange of ideas led to the Second Great Awakening of the United States. To create a global presence, US policy makers started to develop expansionist ideals and increased foreign trade. With expanding borders came debates on whether to expand and how to define and use the new territories. Peopling: Regional economic specialization, especially the demands of cultivating Southern cotton, shaped settlement patterns and the national economy under the American System. Efforts to exploit the nation’s natural resources led to government efforts that promoted free and forced migration of various American peoples across the continent towards the West. Migrants from Europe increased the population in the East and Midwest, forging strong bonds of interdependence between the Northeast and the Old Northwest. Geography/Environment: The 1820 Missouri Compromise created a truce over the issue of slavery, although over time that system gradually broke down. As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders relocated their agricultural enterprises to the new Southwest, increasing sectional tensions over the institution of slavery and sparking a broad scale debate about how to set national goals, priorities, and strategies. Beliefs/Culture: The Second Great Awakening led to the rise of religious and secular reforms including the abolition of slavery and women’s rights. Resistance to initiatives for democracy included proslavery arguments, rising xenophobia, anti-black sentiments in political and popular culture, and restrictive anti-Indian policies. Identity: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans in the 1790’s and the Democrats and Whigs in the 1830’s promoted changing political agendas. Supreme court decisions sought to assert federal power over state laws and the primary of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution. An urban middle class emerged as well as abolitionist and reform movements. The South remained politically, culturally, and ideologically distinct from other sections. Politics and Power: The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was accompanied by continued debates over federal power, the relationship between federal government, and the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens. Supreme court decisions sought to assert federal power over the states and the primary of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution, resulting in more power to the Federal government. The Federalists and Democratic-Republicans were the first two party system in the 1790’s and the Democrats and Whigs were the second two party system in the 1830’s. Economics, Work, Exchange and Technology: The economic changes caused by the market revolution, which helped widen a gap between rich and poor, shaped emerging middle and working class and caused an increasing separation between home and workplace. THis led to dramatic transformations in gender and in family roles and expectations. Richardson 7th Period Top Ten Explicit Terms 1st Two-Party System (Federalists & Democratic-Republicans) The starting 8 years of young America was politically peaceful, as George Washington maintained tranquility and unity. However, when he retired, the nation quickly divided into two groups based on different ideologies and the first political parties were formed: the Federalists and Democratic- Republicans. The first party system lasted from 1796 to 1816. Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton who promoted a more powerful national government in order to radically expedite economic development. Democratic-Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson and who advocated a weaker national government in order to give citizens more power and freedom to exercise rights, as well as minimize government interference in the economy. Federalists faded away as a national party after the War of 1812. 2nd Two-Party System (Democrats & Whigs) The Democrats and Whigs were the next two party system, lasting from the 1820s to the1850s. The National Republicans were led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster. They believed that government power should be exercised to improve America culturally and economically. This party eventually became a fully recognized party called the Whigs, continuing the federalist ideals. The Democratic Republicans were led by Andrew Jackson, who continued the Jeffersonian Republican to promote the interests and development of the common citizen. They became the Democrats, who advocated a weaker national government and opposed Whig party ideals that weakened their economic and social freedoms. Migration During this time period many migrations were happening in the United States. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians among others, began to move into the Ohio River Valley area. Americans also began the migration West albeit slower than the Native Americans who were being forced West by Indian removal policies. This mass exodus of the Natives is often referred to as the Trail of Tears. Second Great Awakening Religious revivals swept the nation as a reaction against rationalism. The Second Great Awakening was formed by a group of educated people such as Reverend Timothy Wright. In the revivals, preachers were focused and easily understood by the uneducated. They spoke of salvation for all. These populist movements proved to coincide with the democratization of American society as common people began to question authority. Marshall court rulings Many of these court rulings had a big impact on the United States government like the classic Marbury vs. Madison which established the process of judicial review, McCulloch vs. Maryland which established the doctrine of implied powers, and Worcester vs. Virginia which dealt with the process of Indian removal. Louisiana purchase (& Monroe Doctrine, Oregon border, annexing Texas) The acquisition of the Louisiana territory from the French in 1803. After this acquisition, in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was put into effect which protected all countries that were fighting for independence, or to maintain their independence, in the Western Hemisphere, from superpowers of the Eastern Hemisphere. American system The American System was the system that was supposed to protect the American economy. It did this through a tariff that would make American produced goods cheaper, a national bank to foster commerce, and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other infrastructure. 1820 Missouri compromise When Vermont entered the Union as a free state and Kentucky entered as a slave state, politicians attempted to maintain sectional balance between North and South. Missouri’s bid for statehood alarmed the North because if Missouri came in as a slave state, it would tip the balance in the South’s favor. Henry Clay proposed a compromise to admit Missouri as a slave state, admit maine as a free state, and prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36⁰ 30. Native Americans Andrew Jackson’s prejudice extended to the American Indians. He signed into law the Indian Removal Act that forced the resettlement of thousands of American Indians. The Worcester v. Georgia case ruled that the state had no force within Cherokee territory. In this conflict between state and federal government, Jackson sided with the states so the court was powerless without the President’s support. Resistance from state governments The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson that addressed the violations of the federal government’s actions on individual state’s rights. Southern states such as South Carolina threatened secession, for individuals felt their rights were violated. The Hartford convention was a series of meetings December 15, 1814 to January 5 1815. New England was against the war of 1812, and began discussing secession from the United states. Richardson 7th Period Review Questions 1. Compare/Contrast Evaluate the First and Second Two -Party Systems and how they affect the politics and ideals of the era. 2. Cause/Effect Evaluate the causes and effects of the Second Great Awakening. To what extent were the effects revolutionary? 3. Continuity/Change Over Time To what extent did territorial expansion in the United States during the Jefferson Era, Era of Good Feelings, and the Jackson Eras maintain continuity or foster change from 1800-1848? 4. Periodization To what extend was the Missouri Compromise of 1820 a turning point in United States history? Richardson 7th Period .