Colorado Forage Guide Bulletin # 563A Colorado Forage Guide Jennifer L. Cook Joe E. Brummer Paul J. Meiman Thaddeus Gourd Adapted from the Forage Guide for the Northern Colorado Front Range, by Ron Jepson, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, 1997 Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative Book design and layout by Chris Uhing Special thanks to Sharon Bokan, Ginny Price, and Ron Jepson for their review of this document. Photo and illustration credits: Jennifer Cook, front cover photo of slender wheatgrass, figures 6, 8, 25 Ellen Nelson, figure 7 Living on the Land curriculum, figure 9 Pasture and Range Plants, Phillips Petroleum Company, 1963, figures 2, 10–13, 15-19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31-35 Guide to Grasses, Pawnee Buttes Seed, Inc., figures 14, 20, 22, 26, 27, 30 Contributing authors and editors: Jennifer L. Cook, Small Acreage Management Coordinator, CSU Extension/NRCS Joe E. Brummer, CSU Associate Professor/CSU Extension Forage Specialist Paul J. Meiman, CSU Assistant Professor Thaddeus Gourd, Adams County Extension Director Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Colorado State University Extension, and Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative. All Extension programs are available without discrimination. No endorsement of products mentioned is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. Updated June 2018 CONTENTS Introduction 1 Wheatgrass, Western 26 Wildrye, Russian 26 Pasture Renovation 1 Site Considerations 1 Legume Species and Varieties 27 Bunch and Sod-Forming Grasses 2 Alfalfa 27 Warm- and Cool-Season Grasses 3 Clover, Red 28 Native and Introduced Grasses 3 Clover, White 29 Legumes 3 Milkvetch, Cicer 29 Solo and Mixed Seedings 4 Sainfoin 30 Plant Varieties 5 Trefoil, Birdsfoot 31 Buying Seed 5 Species Suggestions 5 Pure Live and Bulk Seed 6 Appendices Designing a Seed Mixture 6 Appendix A: Species Suggestions for Various Sites 32 Appendix B: Characteristics of Grasses 34 Plant Establishment 7 Appendix C: Characteristics of Legumes 35 Soil Testing 7 Appendix D: Seeding Rates for Selected Pasture Plants 36 Seedbed Preparation 8 Seeding Methods 8 Time of Seeding 9 Early Stand Management 9 Grazing Management 9 Overgrazing 10 Grazing Management Guidelines 11 General Pasture Management Guidelines 13 Ungrazed Pastures 14 Sources of Additional Help 14 Grass Species and Varieties 14 Bluegrass, Kentucky 14 Bluestem, Big 15 Bluestem, Little 15 Bluestem, Sand 16 Brome, Meadow 16 Brome, Smooth 17 Fescue, Tall 18 Grama, Blue 19 Grama, Sideoats 19 Indiangrass, Yellow 20 Needlegrass, Green 20 Orchardgrass 21 Sacaton, Alkali 22 Sandreed, Prairie 22 Switchgrass 22 Wheatgrass, Crested 23 Wheatgrasses, Intermediate and Pubescent 24 Wheatgrass, Newhy 25 Wheatgrass, Tall 25 Wheatgrass, Thickspike 25 ii INTRODUCTION The number of small acreage tracts continues to increase throughout Colorado. Owners of these tracts have a variety of goals for use of their land, including: wildlife habitat, enjoyment of open space, farming enterprises, livestock grazing, greenhouse crop production, forestry, and horticultural activities. Tract owners vary in their levels of expertise in understanding the land and how to manage its resources. This publication was produced to help small acreage landowners become familiar with livestock forage and grazing management. Information is provided on how grasses differ, what legumes are and how they can fit into pastures, and what to consider if you need to revegetate your pasture, including how to design your own seed mix. The section on grazing management will help you know what to look for and expect before, during, and after your pastures are grazed. Because grazing is an ongoing learning process, this information will complement your own experiences and the advice of others, such as Colorado State University Extension (CSU Extension), the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and neighbors. In the “Grass and Legume Species and Varieties” sections of this publication, plants that can be used for forage in the various regions of Colorado are listed in alphabetical order. Each plant is described briefly, including its site adaptations, advantages and disadvantages, and its potential for use as hay or pasture. On most small acreages, buying hay is more economical than on-farm production. PASTURE REVEGETATION Revegetating pastures can cost over $100 per acre, so it is something you do not want to do over and over again. First, evaluate whether the pasture really needs to be revegetated. On many small acreages, overgrazing has caused deterioration of rangeland or pasture condition. However, if there is enough desirable vegetation remaining in the pasture, then perhaps the pasture can be restored without reseeding. Restoring your pasture may be as simple as deferring grazing for a year or two to allow grass recovery time, controlling undesirable vegetation, and then implementing a rotation grazing system with proper carrying capacity. These grazing management practices are discussed in the Grazing Management chapter. Revegetation is expensive, requires a number of years to become fully established, may increase erosion and weed problems, and there is no guarantee the conditions will favor establishment. Established pastures will last a lifetime if properly managed. Proper management includes selecting the right forage species for your site and intended land use, purchasing quality seed, preparing a good seedbed, using appropriate seeding methods, and following proper pasture maintenance techniques. It also includes proper water management on irrigated pastures and attention to weed control, especially of noxious weeds like Canada thistle. On dryland pastures, timely precipitation is needed to establish new seedings. Unfortunately, pasture managers have no control over the weather. As a result, some dryland reseedings will fail due to dry winters and springs, and another revegetation attempt will be required. Site Considerations The process of revegetating a pasture starts by analyzing the site environment, such as its topography, soils, and amount of water it receives. Soils are the foundation and nutrient source for plants. Soil texture is a measure of the proportion of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. Plant species grow best on specific types of soil textures. For example, western wheatgrass is adapted to clay soils, prairie sandreed to sandy soils. Check with your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) office to see a soils map that identifies soil textures of your land. A soils map of your land can also be created using the online NRCS Web Soil Survey located at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/ Loamy soils provide the best medium for forage plant establishment; they have a balance of sand, silt, and clay particles. Plant establishment on sands can be difficult because precipitation may not be adequate to keep water near the soil surface for establishing roots. Once plants are established on sands, however, they produce more forage than any other dryland site. Clay soils tend to pack hard and plants will not establish easily if the soil surface is not loosened by mechanical cultivation prior to seeding. 1 Soils with a high salt content are known as saline soils. These have an electrical conductivity (EC) of 4.0 mmhos/cm or greater. Those with an EC of 12 or greater will support just a few forage species, such as tall wheatgrass, pubescent wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, and Russian wildrye. Electrical conductivity is determined from a routine soil analysis conducted by soil testing laboratories. The greater the EC of a soil, the greater seed germination is inhibited and plant growth is retarded. No forages will grow on soils with an EC of 30 or more. For more information on saline soils, read the CSU Extension fact sheet no. 0.521, Diagnosing Saline and Sodic Soil Problems. A small acreage pasture owner needs to know their intended land use before soil is revegetated. What kind of livestock or wildlife will graze it? If the pasture isn’t grazed, do you want short grasses that require little or no mowing? Will the pasture be intensively managed for grazing? Will the forage be harvested for hay? The proper selection of forage species depends on answers to these questions. Finally, forage species are selected based on how much water the site receives. Dryland species are needed for sites that receive only natural precipitation. A difference of only 2 inches of average annual precipitation is enough to change the species that will survive the best. Sites receiving 12 inches or less of moisture are limited to Russian wildrye and certain varieties of crested wheatgrass. Thickspike wheatgrass does better in areas receiving 12 to 13 inches of moisture than will its closely related cousin, western wheatgrass. Grass species options increase as precipitation rises above 14 inches per year. Some pastures are subirrigated when underground water is within reach of plant roots. These sites are often near rivers, creeks, canals, or ponds. They are more productive than dryland sites and should be seeded with forage species that take advantage of the extra available water. For irrigated pastures, determine how much irrigation water is available. Pastures are short of water if one or two irrigations are made in the spring and no (or limited) water is available in the summer. Different species are recommended for short-water versus adequate-water situations. Be sure to check the quality of your irrigation water by having it analyzed by a lab. The amount of salts and nitrates are of particular concern. Bunch and Sod-Forming Grasses Grasses differ in their growth habits; they are either bunchgrasses Figure 1: Rhizomes and roots of western wheatgrass. or sod-formers. Bunchgrasses exhibit a growth form that is true to their name; they grow in bunches or clumps. Crested wheatgrass and orchardgrass are examples of bunchgrasses. Bunchgrasses typically have more leaves than sod-forming species. Many have leaves grouped near the plant base. Bunchgrasses typically produce more forage than sod-formers, but often need more intensive grazing management to optimize productivity.