Astronomy and Society Summary of ESO–Chile Cooperation 2020 2 Milky Way over Paranal Observatory, Antofagasta region. Y. Beletsky/ESO Cerro Armazones, Antofagasta region. (atacamaphoto.com)/ESO Hüdepohl G. 3 Cooperation for Mutual Benefit In 1963, the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and Chile signed a vision- ary agreement which paved the way for the construction of an astronomical observatory on Cerro La Silla, Coquimbo region. This partnership, reinforced by mutual trust, has led ESO, almost 60 years later, to operate all of its observatories in Chile, including some of the most powerful in the world (such as those on Cerro Paranal and Llano de Chajnantor) and to currently plan to deploy new, ambitious projects in the country. Apart from obtaining key findings about the Universe, ESO’s observa- tories generate business opportunities, stimulate local development Xavier Barcons, Astronomer and, above all, play a role in training new generations. Nowadays, Chile ESO Director General. is a world-class option for studying and working in fields directly or indirectly related to astronomy. The impressive growth of ESO has had a direct and tangible impact on the development of astronomy in Chile, which is part of the national identity nowadays. Chilean astronomy has grown in numbers and prestige, reaching international visibility in the scientific community and in the press. Today, astronomical sciences are part of Chilean popular heritage and ESO is proud to have contributed to this transformation. The renewed Chilean scientific institutional structure, with its Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation, regional secretariats Claudio Melo, Astronomer and the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), is aimed ESO Representative in Chile. at moving forward in the fields of data science, artificial intelligence, and automation. The new national strategy is focused on enhancing natural laboratories, encouraging decentralisation and strengthening international partnerships, areas in which ESO can contribute through a cooperative relationship with the country. Therefore, at this historical time when science and technology play a funda- mental role in the challenges facing humanity, we would like to consolidate the memory of the road behind us. We hope this brief report will provide an overview of what has been accom- plished through this strong relationship of collaboration and trust which ESO and Chile have forged for almost 60 years. On that basis, we also pause to consider the opportunities that cooperation can offer in the future. 4 ESO’s Contribution to Chile — Highlights Science and education ALMA 10% of observing time is reserved ESO provides 37.5% of ALMA’s on ESO telescopes for the Chilean annual budget. astronomical community. The ALMA–ANID Fund, funded In 2020, the ESO–Government of projects for around CLP $ 610 mil- Chile Joint Committee allocated lion (669 000 euros) in 2020. CLP $ 450 million (500 000 euros). In 2020 the ALMA–Region II Fund Chilean students account for the highest contributed around CLP $ 260 mil- proportion of ESO PhD studentships in lion (297 000 euros). astronomy. ESO has contributed to tripling the productivity of Chilean astronomy in the last decade. Regional focus In 2019 ESO created a regional rela- tions office to promote links with areas within the vicinity of observatories. 19% of ESO procurement in Chile was made in the Antofagasta region, in the last decade. ESO provides a scholarship programme for young students from Taltal (Anto­ fagasta region). Cerro Paranal, Antofagasta region. 5 Financial investment ELT The operations of the ESO facilities 81% of the total budget (about in Chile entail an estimated CLP $ 1.2 trillion, equivalent annual investment of CLP $ 59 billion to 1.3 billion euros), is earmarked (66 million euros). for contracts with the industry, mostly in Europe but also in Chile. 25% of ESO staff are Chilean, representing the largest national group in the Organisation. In the last decade, 30% of ESO commitments to purchase have been made in Chile, a larger share than in any other country, including the 16 ESO Member States. Sustainability Outreach Since 2016, La Silla Observatory has La Silla and Paranal receive some been using 100% renewable energy. 8000 visitors per year. Tours are open to the public, free of charge. ESO is gradually replacing its fleet of vehicles by electric cars. ESO engages in the protection of dark skies and in the implementation of lighting regulations in Chile. ESO/J. Girard (djulik.com) 6 ALMA Building in the ESO premises, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile. Brammer ESO/G. ESO Headquarters in Garching, near Munich, Germany. ESO/C. Malin 58 years Contributing to the Development of Astronomy in Chile Thanks to a fruitful Established in 1962, the European Southern Observatory (ESO) – formally known as collaboration with the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere Chile, ESO has been — is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe, with head- operating in the quarters in Garching, Germany. country since 1963, with its main offices ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction in Vitacura, Santiago, and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities, all of which are and its observatories located in Chile. in the Coquimbo and Antofagasta regions. ESO is an international organisation currently composed of 16 Member States: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, along with Australia as a Strategic Partner and the Host State of Chile, a fundamental partner since 1963. Through the joint and coordinated operation of all its sites in Chile and Germany, ESO carries out its mission as a non-profit intergovernmental organisation, enabling key scientific with findings and fostering technological development, financial invest- ment, the education of younger generations, and the dissemination of science and international cooperation in the field of astronomical research and related disciplines. As an international organisation, ESO’s operations in the country are framed by a number of official agreements signed with the Republic of Chile, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs being the main interlocutor. ESO also liaises with a number of govern- ment-related agencies, such as the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) — formerly National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) — and, more recently, with the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowl- edge and Innovation. 8 Observational Facilities The sites in the north of Chile are a privileged window onto the Universe, offering a dry, quiet atmosphere, over 300 clear nights a ANTOFAGASTA year and remoteness LA SERENA SANTIAGO from sources of artificial light. Paranal Observatory ELT CTA South Project Home to the VLT The forthcoming The world’s largest biggest eye on the sky gamma­ray observatory Antofagasta region, Antofagasta region, Antofagasta region, district of Taltal district of Antofagasta district of Taltal Altitude: 2635 m.a.s.l Altitude: 3046 m.a.s.l Altitude: 2100 m.a.s.l The Very Large Telescope (VLT), The Extremely Large Telescope ESO will host and operate the with its interferometer (VLTI), is the (ELT) is currently being built on southern-hemisphere array of the world’s most advanced optical/ Cerro Armazones, about 20 kilo- Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), near-infrared telescope, consisting metres from Paranal Observatory an astronomical project for the of four Unit Telescopes, each with and will be the largest ground- detection of high-energy gamma a main mirror 8.2-metres in diam- based, optical/near-infrared tele- rays, sited around 11 km from eter, and four 1.8-metre Auxiliary scope in the world. Paranal. Its construction will begin Telescopes, equipped with a set within the next few years. of sophisticated instruments and The ELT will tackle detailed stud- state-of-the-art technology, such as ies of subjects including planets CTA South will comprise almost interferometry and adaptive optics. It around other stars, the first galax- a hundred telescopes, with started scientific operations in 1999. ies in the Universe, supermassive diameters ranging from 4 to black holes and the nature and 23 metres, and will complement the Two powerful survey telescopes are distribution of dark matter and dark 19 telescopes of the northern array, also sited in Paranal: the VLT Survey energy. The ELT is planned to start located at Roque Los Muchachos, Telescope (VST) and the Visible and operating during the second half of on the island of La Palma, in the Infrared Survey Telescope for Astron- this decade. Canary Islands. omy (VISTA). Further information regarding CTA governance is available here: www.cta-observatory.org 58 years Contributing to the Development of Astronomy in Chile 9 La Silla Observatory ALMA Observatory APEX Observatory ESO’s first observatory Example of an Pioneer at the international partnership Chajnantor Plateau Coquimbo region, Antofagasta region, district of Antofagasta region, district of district of La Higuera San Pedro de Atacama San Pedro de Atacama Altitude: 2400 m.a.s.l Altitude: 5000 m.a.s.l Altitude: 5050 m.a.s.l La Silla Observatory was inaugu- The Atacama Large Millimeter/ The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment rated in 1969 and has been the submillimeter Array (ALMA) is the (APEX) is a 12-metre-diameter home