Volume 6 • Number 1 • January 2017 Volume 6 • Number 1 • January 2017 Volume 6 • Number 1 January 2017 www.foreignpolicyandpeace.org All Azimuth All Azimuth Aims and Scope Manuscript Submission: All Azimuth, journal of the Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research, is an English-language, Manuscripts submitted for consideration must follow the style on the journal’s web page (http://www. international peer-reviewed journal, published biannually. It aims: foreignpolicyandpeace.org/index.php/en/authors-guideline/).The manuscripts should not be submitted • to provide a forum for academic studies on foreign policy analysis, peace and development simultaneously to any other publication, nor may they have been previously published elsewhere in research, English. However, articles that are published previously in another language but updated or improved • to publish pieces bridging the theory-practice gap; dealing with under-represented conceptual can be submitted. For such articles, the author(s) will be responsible in seeking the required permission approaches in the field; and making scholarly engagements in the dialogue between the for copyright. “center” and the “periphery“, • to encourage publications with homegrown theoretical and philosophical approaches. Manuscripts must be submitted by e-mail to: [email protected] • to transcend conventional theoretical, methodological, geographical, academic and cultural boundaries, • to highlight works of senior and promising young scholars, • to uphold international standards and principles of academic publishing. Chief Editors Advisory Board Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu, Center for Foreign Burak Akçapar, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Policy & Peace Research Şahin Alpay, Bahçeşehir University Ersel Aydınlı, Bilkent University Meliha Altunışık, Middle East Technical University Mohammed Ayoob, Michigan State University Managing Editor Hüseyin Bağcı, Middle East Technical University Gonca Biltekin, Center for Foreign Nimet Beriker, Sabancı University Policy & Peace Research Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research, İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation Michael W. Doyle, Columbia University Daniel Druckman, George Mason University Editors The Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research was created under the auspices of the İhsan Doğramacı Peace Cooper Drury, University of Missouri-Columbia Esra Çuhadar, Bilkent University Foundation. Pınar İpek, Bilkent University Willem Frederik van Eekelen, Former Minister of Müge Kınacıoğlu, Hacettepe University Defense of the Netherlands & Former Secretary General of the WEU The main purpose of the Center is to help develop agendas and promote policies that contribute to the peaceful Özgür Özdamar, Bilkent University Atila Eralp, Middle East Technical University Onur Gökçe, Bilkent University It also aims to analyze and interpret contemporary policies from a critical, comparative but, at the same time, Language Editor Serdar Ş. Güner, Bilkent University constructive and peace-oriented perspective. Rana Nelson Metin Heper, Bilkent University Publisher Patrick James, University of Southern California The Center, in order to achieve its purpose, prepares research projects and programs, works to provide a suitable Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research E. Fuat Keyman, Sabancı University dialogical environment for social scientists, publishes research outcomes, holds conferences, round-tables, and İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation Ludger Kühnhardt, Bonn University workshops on national and international levels, offers fellowships, appoints candidates for the İhsan Doğramacı Heath W. Lowry, Princeton University Ankara, Turkey Peace Award, and publishes All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace. Nicholas Onuf, Florida International University ISSN 2146-7757 Ersin Onulduran, Ankara University The Center, in its activities, observes the highest academic standards, norms, and freedoms. In doing so it attaches All Rights Reserved Ziya Öniş, Koç University Nihat Ali Özcan, Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey Printing House between policy and theory. Together with All Azimuth, the Center also aims to provide a platform for homegrown Haluk Özdemir, Kırıkkale University Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık conceptualizations of international relations and foreign policy research. T.V. Paul, McGill University İvedik OSB Matbaacılar Sitesi 1516/1 Sk. No: 35 Yenimahalle / ANKARA İlter Turan, İstanbul Bilgi University Tel: (90-312) 229 92 65 Ali Resul Usul, İstanbul Medipol University Peter Volten, Center for European Security Studies Printing Date Nuri Yurdusev, Middle East Technical University 23.12.2016 S. Enders Wimbush, StrateVarious LLC, Washington, Virginia This journal is indexed and abstracted by: Published two issues per year. Articles are subject to This journal is owned by Ersel Aydınlı, on behalf of the Center CIAO review by anonymous referees. Submissions should be Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research for Foreign Policy and Peace Research. EBSCO made in English by e-mail and should conform to the İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation Emerging Sources Citation Index instructions on the inside back cover and the journal’s Bilkent University, G Building, Room: 157 European Sources Online website. 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey Gale Tel: (90-312) 290 2985 (pbx) International Bibliography of the Social Sciences JournalSeek Fax: (90-312) 290 3078 Left Index e-mail: [email protected] Middle Eastern and Central Asian Studies web: www.foreignpolicyandpeace.org ProQuest Scopus ULAKBİM Ulrich’s Worldwide Political Science Abstracts All Azimuth TABLE OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Vol.Vol. 1 56 No.No. 1 January January 20162017 2012 InLaunching This Issue All Azimuth 3 5 In This Issue 8 ARTICLES ARTICLES Center-PeripheryPeace Education: Relations:Training for What an Evolved Kind of ConsciousnessRule, and Does of It Non-violenceMatter? 5 AlevNicholas Yemenici Onuf Beyond the Global Financial Crisis: Structural Continuities as Impediments to a Sustainable Recovery 10 Ziya Öniş and Mustafa Kutlay PeaceInfluence Education and Hegemony: as a Post-conflict Shifting PeacebuildingPatterns of Material Tool and Social Power inWorld Politics 2717 Simon Reich and Richard Ned Lebow ForcingVanessa Democracy: Tinker Is Military Intervention for Regime Change Permissible? 28 Müge Kınacıoğlu TheIdeology, Moroccan Political Monarchy Agenda, and and the Conflict: Islam-oriented A Comparison PJD: of American, European, and 4349 Turkish Legislatures’ Discourses on Kurdish Question PragmaticArea and International Cohabitation Studies and the in Need Turkey: for IslamicThe Case Political of the UnitedSecularism States 50 İlterAkın TuranÜnver Abdellatif Hissouf The Politics of Effective Aid and Interstate Conflict 83 ÖmerIntelligence F. Örsün Cooperation in the European Union: An Impossible Dream? 57 ŞenizCOMMENTARIES Bilgi COMMENTARY International Security – One Paradigm Change After the Other 64 Willem Frederik van Eekelen COMMENTARY American Elections and the Global (Dis)order 103 TheAli Resul Transatlantic Usul Relationship in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities 74 CharlesConflict King Resolution Mallory Revisited: IV Peaceful Resolution, Mediation and Responsibility to Protect 69 REVIEWSeán O Regan ARTICLE REVIEWChinese Hegemony: ARTICLE What Kind of Global Power? 109 ÇağlaREVIEW Kılıç ARTICLE Energy Security, Politics, Markets, Peace 90 Non-Western International Relations Theory and Ibn Khaldun 79 AliAbstracts Oğuz Diriöz in Turkish 117 Engin Sune Abstracts in Turkish 89 V6, N1, January 2017 In This Issue In this issue of All Azimuth, we are presenting you four articles, one commentary and a review article. The issue opens with an article by Nicholas Greenwood Onuf on center-periphery relations. Drawing on acclaimed peace researcher Johan Galtung’s work on structural violence and imperialism, Onuf describes a threefold picture of the relations between the center and the periphery. Looking from his distinct ‘Onuvian’ rule-based constructivist lens, he proposes to re-write Galtung’s structural theory by assigning rules and the rule, i.e. the system for the distribution of privilege that rules create, a central role. For him, the global imperialist system is ruled through a functionally segmented hegemony, supported by hierarchical coercion against a heteronomous background. He reckons that there is a growing resistance to the global system of hegemonial imperialism, but this resistance is unfocused. Therefore, the end of hegemony may come because of the diminishing capacity of the capitalist world economy to pay for such a system rather than as a consequence of any such resistance. The second article of this issue is by Simon Reich and Richard Ned Lebow. Following up on the main argument of their 2014 book Good-bye Hegemony, Reich and Lebow argue that American hegemony is mostly a fiction, propagated by realism and liberalism. Looking for the good side of hegemony such as economic functions and its expected benefits, i.e. global political and economic stability, they claim that the US has almost never been much of a hegemon. They contend that US hegemony was—at most—a short-lived phase in the aftermath of the Second World War. Since then, they propose, US actions have often threatened the order the US is supposed to uphold. Consequently, they declare hegemony in its current form is unnecessary and even perhaps detrimental to global stability. Conceptually, the authors argue, the commitment to hegemony stands in the way of our understanding