Synonymy of Toxotrypana Gerstaecker with Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) Author(s): Allen L. Norrbom, Norman B. Barr, Peter Kerr, Ximo Mengual, Norma Nolazco, Erick J. Rodriguez, Gary J. Steck, Bruce D. Sutton, Keiko Uramoto and Roberto A. Zucchi Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 120(4):834-841. Published By: Entomological Society of Washington https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.120.4.834 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4289/0013-8797.120.4.834 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 120(4), 2018, pp. 834–841 SYNONYMY OF TOXOTRYPANA GERSTAECKER WITH ANASTREPHA SCHINER (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ALLEN L. NORRBOM,NORMAN B. BARR,PETER KERR,XIMO MENGUAL, NORMA NOLAZCO,ERICK J. RODRIGUEZ,GARY J. STECK,BRUCE D. SUTTON,KEIKO URAMOTO, AND ROBERTO A. ZUCCHI (ALN) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, c/o Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (NBB) Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Mission Laboratory, USDA-APHIS, Moore Air Base, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA (e-mail: [email protected]. gov); (PK) California State Collection of Arthropods, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832–1448, USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (XM) Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (email: [email protected]); (NN) Centro de Diagno´stico de Sanidad Vegetal, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Av. La Molina 1915, La Molina, Peru´ (e-mail: [email protected]); (EJR) University of Florida; and Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA (e-mail: erick.rodriguez@ufl.edu); (GJS) Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1911 SW 34th St., Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (BDS) Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (KU, RAZ) Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil (e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]) Abstract.— Based on a recent phylogenetic analysis, Toxotrypana Gerstaecker (1860) is here placed in synonymy with Anastrepha Schiner (1868). Although Toxotrypana is the senior name, Anastrepha is recognized as valid because of the much greater economic significance of its species. Changing the names of the many pest species of Anastrepha would cause major nomenclatural instability and con- fusion in the applied literature, therefore a proposal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has been submitted to validate this usage. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Anastrepha australis (Blanchard 1960), new combination, Anastrepha curvicauda (Gerstaecker 1860), new combination, Anastrepha littoralis (Blanchard 1960), new combination, Anastrepha nigra (Blanchard 1960), new combination, Anastrepha picciola (Blanchard 1960), new combination, Anastrepha proseni (Blanchard 1960), new combination, Anas- trepha recurcauda (Tigrero 1992), new combination (all transferred from Toxo- trypana), and Anastrepha nigrina Norrbom, new name for Anastrepha nigra VOLUME 120, NUMBER 4 835 Norrbom and Korytkowski (2009). Some changes to the species group classification within Anastrepha are also discussed. Key Words: fruit flies, taxonomy, nomenclature, new name, new combination DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.120.4.834 Toxotrypana Gerstaecker (1860) is clade of Anastrepha, and this lineage is a small genus of fruit flies (Diptera: sister to the tripunctata group of Anas- Tephritidae) restricted to the New World trepha (taxa sensu Norrbom et al. tropics and subtropics. Its species are 2012). presumed to be mimics of vespid wasps The purpose of this publication is to due to their body shape, bright yellow formally recognize the synonymy of and brown coloration, reduced setation, Anastrepha and Toxotrypana and to and their wing patterns with a broad, make changes to the names of the spe- complete costal band. Despite their dis- cies impacted by this synonymy. Some tinctive external appearance, the species changes to the species group classifica- of Toxotrypana have been known for tion within Anastrepha based on the some time to be closely related to results of the Mengual et al. (2017) Anastrepha Schiner (1868) on the basis analysis are also discussed. of genitalic characters (Norrbom et al. 1999b). Anastrepha and Toxotrypana together MATERIALS AND METHODS form a well-defined monophyletic group We follow the morphological termi- supported by both morphological nology of White et al. (1999), except for (Norrbom et al. 1999b) and molecular the wing venation, which follows that of studies (Han and McPheron 1997, Cumming and Wood (2017). McPheron et al. 1999, Han and Ro 2009). Toxotrypana also is clearly RESULTS AND DISCUSSION monophyletic (Norrbom et al. 1999b), Anastrepha Schiner Synonymy but the status of Anastrepha has been uncertain. Some studies suggested that it Anastrepha Schiner 1868: 263, type spe- might be paraphyletic, but were not cies Dacus serpentinus Wiedemann conclusive due to limited taxon sampling 1830, by original designation. or insufficient character evidence (McPheron Toxotrypana Gerstaecker 1860: 191, type et al. 1999, Norrbom et al. 1999b, Barr et al. species T. curvicauda Gerstaecker 2005). Recently, however, Mengual et al. 1860, by monotypy; New syno- (2017) investigated relationships within nym. the Anastrepha/Toxotrypana clade, uti- Acrotoxa Loew 1873: 227, type species lizing sequence data from six DNA re- Dacus fraterculus Wiedemann 1830, gions in a total of 150 species. Their by subsequent designation of Bezzi results conclusively demonstrate that 1909: 280. Toxotrypana arises within Anastrepha, Mikimyia Bigot 1884: xxix, type species confirming that Anastrepha as currently M. furcifera Bigot 1884 (= curvi- defined is paraphyletic. Toxotrypana is cauda Gerstaecker), by monotypy. the sister group of the cryptostrepha New synonym. 836 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Pseudodacus Hendel 1914a: 66, type commercial and subsistence crops such as species Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi citrus, guava, mango, melon, and many 1909, by original designation (as others (White and Elson-Harris 1992, subgenus of Anastrepha). Norrbom 2004). Numerous other species Pseudodacus Hendel 1914b: 13, type are minor or potential pests. Several species Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi species are invasive, including A. fra- 1909, by original designation (as terculus (Brazil-1 type in Argentina, subgenus of Anastrepha). Pre- Bolivia and Peru), A. grandis (Panama), occupied by Hendel 1914: 66. A. ludens (Panama), and A. suspensa Phobema Aldrich 1925: 7, type species (Florida) (Weems 1965, 1966; Sutton P. atrox Aldrich 1925, by original et al. 2015). designation. Despite differences in their external Lucumaphila Stone 1939: 340, type appearance, Toxotrypana and Anas- species L. sagittata Stone 1939, by trepha have been considered to be original designation. closely related on the basis of genitalic characters (Norrbom et al. 1999b). Al- Anastrepha is the largest genus of though it has been clear that together Tephritidae in the New World, including they form a monophyletic group, both nearly 300 valid species (Norrbom et al. have continued to be recognized as 1999a, 2012, 2015), with additional new genera because of the distinctiveness of species in the process of description Toxotrypana (based on numerous auta- (Norrbom et al., in prep.). Toxotrypana pomorphies) and the uncertainty of the currently includes seven valid species exact relationship of the two taxa, par- and a similar number of undescribed ticularly whether or not Anastrepha, species (Norrbom et al. 1999a, 1999b). sensu lato, is monophyletic. Both genera include agricultural pests, Based on the results of the phyloge- but Anastrepha is by far more econom- netic analysis by Mengual et al. (2017) ically important. Toxotrypana curvi- that Anastrepha, sensu lato, is para- cauda Gerstaecker, commonly known as phyletic, we here formally recognize the the papaya fruit fly, is a major pest of synonymy of Anastrepha and Toxo- papaya (Carica papaya L.) in the circum- trypana. Although Toxotrypana has Caribbean area (White and Elson-Harris priority, Anastrepha has far greater eco- 1992, Norrbom 2004). It is invasive in