The importance of the greater Agulhas Current News & Views The imporTance of The greaTer agulhas currenT is increasingly being recognised Authors: In February 2010, the annual Ocean Science meeting was held in Portland, Oregon, USA. For the first Johann R.E. Lutjeharms1,2 time in the history of this conference at least two sessions were aimed at aspects of the Agulhas Current Thomas G. Bornman2,3 system. In conjunction with the conference, the first meeting of a Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group on the global influence of the Agulhas Current1 was held, attracting Affiliations: representatives of 13 countries. In addition, towards the end of 2009 a new EU research programme 1Department of was approved called GATEWAYS2 to study mainly the palaeoceanographic implications of the Agulhas Oceanography, Current. In the meantime, the Dutch are maintaining an expensive array of current meter moorings in University of Cape Town, the Mozambique Channel called Long-term Ocean Climate Observations (LOCO),3 while the University South Africa of Miami will be placing a similar set of moorings across the Agulhas Current near East London4 in April 2010. Why this sudden explosion of international interest in the greater Agulhas Current? 2Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Each large ocean basin on the globe has a basin-wide, wind-driven circulation. These circulations are Ecosystem Project not longitudinally symmetric, but each has an intensified, strong current on its western side: a western boundary current. In the North Atlantic Ocean this is the Gulf Stream and in the South Indian Ocean (ASCLME), Grahamstown, 5 South Africa it is the Agulhas Current adjacent to the east coast of South Africa (Figure 1). All of these currents eventually feed all their water back directly into their respective subtropical gyres, with the exception of 3South African Institute the Agulhas Current. Since the land mass of Africa does not extend very far south, a significant amount of Agulhas water can leak into the South Atlantic Ocean. This leakage comes about predominantly by of Aquatic Biodiversity, 5 Grahamstown, the shedding of large current rings at the Agulhas Retroflection (Figure 1) south of Africa. It turns out South Africa that the flux of heat and salt that is injected into the Atlantic by the shedding of these Agulhas rings has the potential to affect the meridional overturning of the whole Atlantic, and this in turn can have a major Correspondence to: impact on global climate. Johann Lutjeharms Models have, in fact, shown that recent shifts in the wind patterns of the Southern Hemisphere – probably anthropogenically induced – have led to a greater input of Agulhas water into the Atlantic.6 email: This may inhibit the effect of the climatically important freshening of the North Atlantic due to the Johann.Lutjeharms@uct. increased melting of the icecap of Greenland. Furthermore, palaeoceanographic studies have indicated7 ac.za that fluctuations in this leakage are closely correlated with substantial changes in global climate, such as South African Journal of Science glaciations and even decadal changes.8 Therefore, it is clear that this process of ring shedding south of Postal address: Africa is worthy of considerably more than just local interest – hence the growing international interest. Department of Oceanography, It is immediately evident that the dynamic processes that mediate this Agulhas leakage, (i.e. the University of Cape Town, shedding of Agulhas rings) are also important to understand. This is where the upstream sources of the Article #160 Rondebosch 7700, Agulhas Current proper (Figure 1), and particularly perturbations in these sources, play a decisive role. South Africa These include eddies formed in the Mozambique Channel and to the south of Madagascar. Hence there is a growing interest in the formation of these features and their respective frequencies of formation.3 How to cite this Article: Lutjeharms JRE, Bornman The reason for the growing international interest is, therefore, clearly the key role of the greater Agulhas TG. The importance of the Current system in the global climate. Having recognised this role, one may want to identify the most greater Agulhas Current important dynamical processes that now need to be understood. To this end, a number of major is increasingly being programmes are currently investigating the greater Agulhas Current system. recognised. S Afr J Sci. Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) are programmes instituted by the Global Environmental Facility 2010;106(3/4), Art. #160, 4 to help countries manage marine ecosystems across political boundaries. In the Agulhas and Somali pages. DOI: 10.4102/sajs. Current Large Marine Ecosystem (ASCLME) project, two ecosystems have been combined9 and the v106i3/4.160 ocean region in question, therefore, covers the whole western Indian Ocean (Figure 2). Whereas other LME projects have been based on a solid knowledge foundation10 from many previous investigations, This review is available this has not been possible for the ASCLME because this ocean region is one of the least explored. This at: has meant that the ASCLME has had to be designed11 to fill the most glaring knowledge gaps. This has, http://www.sajs.co.za to a large extent, been accomplished during the last three years (Figure 2) and is continuing. Ocean systems that have never been observed adequately, such as the East Madagascar Current and the deep- sea environment of the island of Mauritius, have been studied in a multidisciplinary way for the first time, using the Norwegian research vessel Dr. Fridtjof Nansen. A remarkable new discovery has been that the deep-sea circulation at Mauritius is strongly influenced by passing mesoscale eddies. Regions in the Mozambique Channel, the Comores Gyre and the Mascarene Plateau have also been explored. The results are still being analysed. Furthermore, the ASCLME has helped in deploying current meter moorings (Figure 1) and deep-sea weather buoys for other projects (see below). In short, the western Indian Ocean has never before seen such an extensive research effort. Regrettably, the scourge of piracy has, up until now, prevented work off Somalia and, currently, a zone of exclusion has been defined north of the 10 °S latitude (Figure 2). The African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (ACEP II)12 is the major contribution by South Africa to the ASCLME. Its activities are concentrated along the east coast of South Africa and, in particular, in the Natal Bight. Cruises include a first study of the landward edge of the Agulhas Current along its full length and coverage of the Agulhas Bank, the continental shelf south of Africa (Figures 1 and 2). The latter will include the unusual upwelling cell at Port Alfred13 at the eastern extremity of the Agulhas Bank. Once again, these investigations are bound to add substantially to the existing knowledge of these ocean regions. © 2010. The Authors. With the advent of global warming, it has been become imperative that long-term monitoring of the Licensee: OpenJournals ocean be carried out at crucial locations. Such monitoring, by the Dutch, is being carried out with current Publishing. This work meter moorings in the narrows of the Mozambique Channel (vide Figure 1).3 It has previously been is licensed under the shown that the volume transport through the Channel may be an important contributor to the greater Creative Commons Agulhas Current system, and this has now been carefully quantified to be 14 × 106 m3/s on average, with Attribution License. a seasonal signal of 5 × 106 m3/s. The maintenance of this array is crucial for a proper understanding http://www.sajs.co.za Vol. 106 No. 3/4 Page 1 of 4 S Afr J Sci News & Views Lutjeharms & Bornman Article #160 South African Journal of Science ACT, Agulhas Current Time-series. UTR, underwater temperature recorder. ARC, Agulhas Return Current reference station. ADCP, acoustic Doppler current profiler. Figure 1: Some of the major currents in the western Indian Ocean, indicated schematically, with the existing mooring locations, as well as some of those planned for future deployment, shown in orange S Afr J Sci Vol. 106 No. 3/4 Page 2 of 4 http://www.sajs.co.za The importance of the greater Agulhas Current News & Views South African Journal of Science Article #160 Figure 2: The western Indian Ocean with the hydrographic station positions indicated for 3 years of the ASCLME (Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystem) programme and other cruises. Note the exclusion zone that is now in place owing to piracy to the north of 10 °S latitude and how the 2009 cruises skirted the border of this zone at Tanzania. Note also the manner in which the East Madagascar Current (see Figure 1) and the deep-sea environment of Mauritius have been extensively covered for the first time. http://www.sajs.co.za Vol. 106 No. 3/4 Page 3 of 4 S Afr J Sci News & Views Lutjeharms & Bornman of long-term changes to the Agulhas Current system, but the but the question may legitimately be asked if elements of this logistics to accomplish this have not been easy. The moorings large collection of individual projects do not overlap and if all will soon be extended to include an array in the southern branch this, therefore, optimal use of funds and equipment. Building of the East Madagascar Current (Figure 1). appropriate links between all oceanographers working in the south-west Indian Ocean is one of the main aims of the new One of the most prominent mooring arrays in the global ocean SCOR Working Group 136: Climatic importance of the greater has been the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean programme along the Agulhas Current system.1 This working group includes formal equator over the full width of the Pacific Ocean. This array has participants from seven countries that are carrying out research been maintained since 1985 and has been essential in monitoring in the region as well as a host of volunteers from many others and predicting the El Niño phenomenon.