Migration in Sudan A COUNTRY PROFILE 2011 Libya Egypt Chad Sudan Ethiopia 17 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 717 9111 • Fax: +41 22 798 6150 E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: http://www.iom.int The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. The views and opinions in this report may be used for information purposes only. While IOM endeavoured to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the content of this paper, the views, findings, data, interpretation and conditions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM and its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. The content of this publication reflects the situation as of December 2010. This migration country profile has been made possible through the contribution of IOM’s 1035 Facility under the project “Technical Support to Improve Migration Information Management Through the Establishment of a ‘Sudan Migration Research and Information Centre’” and in close cooperation with the Sudan Centre for Migration, Development and Population Studies. Publisher: International Organization for Migration (IOM), Khartoum (Sudan) Amarat, Street 47, Khartoum Sudan _____________________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-595-1 © 2011 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 87_10 Migration in Sudan A COUNTRY PROFILE 2011 CONTENTS List of tables and figures ......................................................................5 Abbreviations and acronyms................................................................9 Foreword ...........................................................................................13 Executive summary ............................................................................17 Context of migration ...................................................................................... 17 Migration trends ............................................................................................. 18 Possible future trends in migration ................................................................ 20 Policy framework governing migration .......................................................... 22 Data gaps and limitations ............................................................................... 22 Recommendations on data production and migration management in Sudan ................................................................................... 23 A. Brief historical evolution and migration trends in Sudan ................25 A.1 Historical overview ................................................................................... 25 A.2 Migration trends ...................................................................................... 26 B. Current migration patterns within the development context ..........29 B.1 Demographic, socio-economic and development context ....................... 29 B.1.1 Demographic context ...................................................................... 29 B.1.2 Socio-economic and development context ..................................... 34 B.2 Immigrants ............................................................................................... 38 B.2.1 Sources and definitions ................................................................... 38 B.2.2 Introduction to immigrants .............................................................. 40 B.2.3 Demographic characteristics and family composition of immigrants ................................................................................... 41 B.2.4 Refugees and asylum seekers .......................................................... 42 B.2.5 Labour immigrants ........................................................................... 44 B.2.6 Foreign students .............................................................................. 46 B.2.7 Irregular immigrants ........................................................................ 46 B.3 Emigrants.................................................................................................. 47 B.3.1 Sources and definitions ................................................................... 47 B.3.2 Introduction to emigrants ................................................................ 49 B.3.3 Demographic characteristics and family composition of emigrants ................................................................ 51 B.3.4 Refugees and asylum seekers abroad .............................................. 53 B.3.5 Labour emigrants ............................................................................. 55 B.3.6 Students abroad .............................................................................. 57 B.3.7 Irregular emigrants .......................................................................... 59 Migration in Sudan: A Country Profile 2011 3 B.4 Diasporas ................................................................................................. 62 B.5 Remittances .............................................................................................. 66 B.6 Migration trends and their consequences on socio-economic and human development .......................................... 67 C. Migration policy framework ...........................................................71 C.1 Overview of key domestic legislation and recent migration policy developments .................................................... 71 C.2 Key institutional actors involved in migration management and diasporas ..................................................................... 75 C.3 Analysis of policy coherence issues .......................................................... 80 C.4 Overall assessment of the migration policy context ................................. 83 D. Conclusions ...................................................................................85 D.1 Main findings on current migration trends .............................................. 85 D.2 Possible future trends in migration .......................................................... 89 D.3 Recommendations regarding improving migration statistics ................... 93 D.4 Recommendations on future research on migration ............................... 97 D.5 Recommendations on migration management ........................................ 99 Annexes ...........................................................................................101 I. Main concepts and definitions generally adopted for the national migration profiling initiative ................................................ 101 II. Summary of data sources ........................................................................ 103 III. Statistical annex ....................................................................................... 105 IV. References and internet links .................................................................. 137 4 Migration in Sudan: A Country Profile 2011 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Trends of immigration to Sudan and countries’ groups according to the UN, 1960 ........................................................... 27 Table 2: Literacy and education indicators, 1999 (in %) ............................ 37 Table 3: Valid residence permits by country of citizenship and reason, 1 January 2010 ................................................................ 40 Table 4: Evolution of population with Sudanese origin according to official statistics of countries of destination, 2000–2008 ............................................................... 50 Table 5: Sudanese refugees and asylum seekers abroad, around 1 January 2009 ................................................................ 54 Table 6: Main features of today irregular emigration and staying abroad of Sudanese nationals .................................. 60 Table 7: Irregular migration of third-country nationals (TCNs) in the EU, 2008–2009 .................................................................. 60 Table 8: Returns of Qualified Sudanese (RQS) and Temporary Returns of Qualified Sudanese (TRQS), 2006–2009 ................................................................................... 65 Table 9: Push and pull factors of migration in Sudan ................................ 68 Table 10: Migration and development indicators in Sudan, 2008–2009 .....69 Table 11: Status of agreement on selected human rights and migration related conventions .....................................................75 Table 12: Functions and responsibilities of national institutions