Cambridge University Press 0521782120 - Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments David A. Wharton Index More information Index Note: page numbers in bold denote illustrations; those in italics, tables. A/S selection, 267–8 dispersal of terrestrial organisms, 265 acclimatisation, 137–8 environments, 52–4 acetic acid bacteria, 204 fish, 165–70, 167, 269–71 acid conditions see pH lakes, 58–9 Acontium cylatium, 203 marine mammals and birds, 62–4, 63 adrenaline, 183 marine organisms, 60–4 aeolian derelicts, 71 microorganisms, 56–7, 125–6, 192 African sand grouse, 36 nematodes, 55, 56, 94, 156–7, 177–80, 179 Alaskan blackfishsee Dallia pectoralis terrestrial organisms, 54–60 Alaskozetes antarcticus, 162–3 Antarctic Hair Grass, 56 alkaline conditions see pH Antarctic Pearlwort, 56 alpine see mountains antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins, 161–2, altitudinal gradients, 258–9, 260 168–70, 174–5, 190–1, 193, 196–7, 269–71 Alvinella pompejana, 83, 141–4, 143 antifreezes, 161, 164, 252 anaerobic organisms, 18, 210–13, 273–4 see ants, 38–9, 140–1 also anoxybiosis Aphelenchoides parientus, 141 Anguina tritici, 99 Aphelenchus avenae, 112 anhydrobiosis, 49, 92–128, 120, 139, 265 Apollo 12 mission, 244 and cold tolerance, 164 archaea, 23, 82, 146–7, 147, 205, 206, 208–9, and humans, 126–8 254 and membranes, 112–13, 113 Arctic, 64–9, 65, 153–4 and proteins, 114 arthropods, 67–8 and survival in space, 106–8 fish, 165–7, 169, 269, 271 and the nature of life, 104–5 marine organisms, 68 and the origin of life, 230 plants, 66–7 and the survival of extremes, 105–6 terrestrial mammals and birds, 68–9 anhydrobiotic organisms, 94–7 Arrhenius, Svante, 244 definition of, 93–4, 101–4 Artemia, 51–2, 95, 102–3, 106, 107, 112, 209, history of the study of, 97–101 212–13, 213, 264 in microorganisms, 125–6 Ascaris lumbricoides, 115, 212 in plants, 119–25 astrobiology see life, elsewhere in the metabolism in, 101–4 Universe recovery from, 116–19, 124–5 Astrobiology Institute, 231 structure in the dry state, 110, 111, 117 atmosphere anoxia see anaerobic organisms early history of, 210, 226, 229, 273–4 anoxybiosis, 8, 212–13 shielding effect of, 215 Antarctic, 1, 29, 53, 53–64, 240 A/S selection in terrestrial organisms, 267 Bacillus alcalophilus, 203 arthropods, 55, 162–3 Bacillus spp., 9 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782120 - Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments David A. Wharton Index More information 302 index Bacillus subtilis, 107 conifers, 74 Baker, Henry, 99 Conrad, Pete, 244 Barrett, John, 102, 106 container habitats, 45–6 bears, 76–7 Convey, Peter, 268 Belgica antarctica, 162 Costanzo, Jon, 181 biodiversity see species richness crayfish burrows, 47 black smokers, 82–3 Crowe, John, 111, 114 Block, William, 162, 175 cryobiology, history of, 151–4 Boreogadus saida, 166, 271 cryonic suspension, 150–1 Bowie, David, 233 cryopreservation, 151, 197 Boyle, Robert, 153 cryoprotectants, 151, 173–4, 177, 179, 183, brine flies, 141, 209 189–90, 193, 253 brine shrimpssee Artemia cryptobiosis, 6–8, 7, 13, 212, 246–7, 277 Broca, Paul, 101 cryptogamic crusts, 43–4 Brock, Tom, 145 Cryptopygus antarcticus, 162–3 Brown, Ian, 177 Cucujus clavipes, 156 bullhead catfish, 137 Cyanidium caldarium, 146, 203 cyanobacteria, 44, 45, 52, 56–7, 87, 96–7, 107, cacti, 43, 141 123, 249 camels, 31–4, 35 capacity adaptation, 12–13, 59, 91, 93, 250 Dallia pectoralis, 154 and extreme environments, 248–9 Davenport, John, 166 and high temperatures, 139, 146 Dead Sea, 17, 50–1, 208–9, 260–1 and low temperatures, 194–5 Death Valley, 42, 141 in deserts, 30–1 deciduous trees, 74 carbonaceous chondrites, 227 decompression sickness, 199 carrots, 190 Deep Rover, 80 Cary, Craig, 142 deep sea, 77–84 Caspian Sea, 50 and defining extreme, 247, 251, 274–5 Cassini spacecraft, 243 and pressure, 198–202 catalase, 122, 210 organisms, 78–80, 200–1 Celatoblatta quinquemaculata, 172 see also hydrothermal vents and cold Chen, Liangbiao, 269, 270 seeps Cheng, Chi-Hing, 269, 270 DEEPSTAR, 200 chilling stress, 157, 187 deep subsurface, 84–7, 198 chinchillas, 73 dehydrins, 123–4, 190 Chrysemys picta, 171, 185–6 denaturation of proteins, 133–4, 139, 199, 202, Chymomyza costata, 172 255 classification of living organisms, 19–24, 21, Dendroides canadensis, 156 23 desert, 27–44, 28 Clegg, James, 102, 112, 212 amphibians, 37–8, 47 cold coma and cold stupor, 2, 3 birds, 36 cold hardening in plants, 189–91 invertebrates, 38–41, 40, 139–41, 140 Cold Lazarus, 150 mammals, 31–8, 135, 136 cold seeps, 83–4 microorganisms, 43–4, 139 cold tolerance pavements, crusts and varnishes, 43 in animals, 151–86 plants, 41–3, 141 in microorganisms, 191–4 reptiles, 36–7, 138 in plants, 186–91 DeVries, Arthur, 167, 269 strategies, 155–7 diapause, 75 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782120 - Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments David A. Wharton Index More information index 303 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, 149 exobiology see life, elsewhere in the Universe dispersal of extreme organisms, 8, 264–5 extracellular polysaccharides, 126, 193 Dissosticus mawsoni, 167, 272 extrasolar planets, 243 Ditylenchus dipsaci, 102, 106, 110, 117, 118 extraterrestrial sources of organic DNA compounds, 227 and anhydrobiosis, 111 extratissue or extraorgan freezing, 189 and extreme environments, 256 extreme environments, features of, 89–91, 90, and the definition of life, 221 247–9, 248, 263 and the origin of life, 224, 228 extreme organisms, 248–51 thermal stability of, 148 and evolution, 268–76 radiation damage, 107, 215 and the origin of life, 230 repair mechanisms, 215, 256 animals in extreme environments, 250 DNA polymerase, 149 definition of, 1–8, 246–7, 257, 271–6 dogs, 135 ecology of extreme organisms, 257–68 Douglas, Angela, 89 physiological problems of, 251–7 Doyère, PLN, 101 terminology, 9–10, 11 Dry Valleys, 1, 29, 54, 55, 94, 240 extremophiles, 5–6, 6, 13, 139, 149, 219–20, Duman, John, 156 235, 277 Dunaliella parva, 51, 209, 264 extremozymes, 149, 255–6 earthworms, 93, 165, 180 fatty acids, 147, 190, 192, 201–2, 254 ecological niche see life boxes fennec fox, 135 ecology of extreme organisms, 257–68 Ferns, Donald, 178 ectotherms, 10, 75, 130, 132, 180 fibrinogen, 184 eelworm wool, 109–11 flamingos, 52 Ehrenberg, Christian, 101 Folsomia candida, 253 electromagnetic spectrum, 214, 214 Fontana, Felice, 100 Ellesmere Island, 67 Franklin, Sir John, 154 Emperor penguin, 62–3, 63 freeze avoidance, 157–70 endolithic microorganisms, 44, 57 in fish, 165–70 endotherms, 10, 130–3, 132, 154, 155, 188 in insects, 158–65, 162 enzymes in nematodes, 163–4 and cold, 192, 195 in plants, 188 and desiccation, 103, 111 freeze concentration effect, 150–1, 152, 173, and pH, 207 174, 188–9 and pressure, 202 freezing damage, 3, 150–1 thermal stability of, 142, 146, 148 freezing tolerance, 155, 170–86 uses of extreme enzymes, 149, 195 in insects, 172–6, 176 ephemeral plants, 42 in intertidal invertebrates, 176–7 Eretmoptera murphyi, 162 in microorganisms, 193 Europa, 241–2, 242 in nematodes, 177–80, 179 Eurosta solidaginis, 172, 173, 175 in plants, 188–91 evolution in vertebrates, 154, 180–6, 185 and extreme organisms, 268–76 frogs and toads, 37–8, 47, 93, 215 and symbiosis, 88–9 freezing tolerance in, 180–5, 185 and the definition of extreme, 271–6 fumaroles, 145 and the definition of life, 221 Fusarium spp., 194 of aerobic organisms, 273–4 of deep sea organisms, 274–5 Galileo spacecraft, 241 of life onto land, 272–3 garter snakesee Thamnophis sirtalis © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782120 - Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments David A. Wharton Index More information 304 index geological time scale, 225 ice-nucleating giant lobelias and groundsels, 71, 72 bacteria, 182, 193–4, 195–6 giant tube worms see Vestimeniferans fungi, 194 glass formation, 114, 122, 124, 126, 189 proteins, 173, 177, 182 Globodera rostochiensis, 164 ice nucleation, 157–8, 159–61, 173 glycerol induced thermotolerance see heat shock and anhydrobiosis, 112 response and cold tolerance, 161, 173 inoculative freezing, 156, 163–5, 178 and osmotic stress, 209 insects Gobi Desert, 28, 29 alpine insects, 72–3 Gold, Tom, 86 and anhydrobiosis, 94–5, 95, 116 goldenrod gall flysee Eurosta solidaginis cold tolerance of, 153, 156, 158–63, 162, Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni, 160 172–6, 176 Grassle, Fred, 79 in deserts, 38–41, 47, 140–1 Gynaephora groenlandica, 67, 172 in hot springs, 141 in the Arctic and Antarctic, 67–8, 161, 162, Haldane, JBS, 92 172, 173, 175 halobacteria, 51, 209 interplanetary transfer of organisms, 244–5 Halobacterium halobium, 51 intracellular freezing, 172, 175, 178–80, 179, halophilic organisms, 207–10 193 heat coma and heat stupor, 2, 3 Io, 241 heat shock response, 137 heavy high-energy particles, 107–8 Joyce, Gerald, 221 heavy metals, 217 Jupiter, and its moons, 240–2, 242 Helicobacter pylori, 203, 205–6, 206, 207 Heliomyza borealis, 175 K selection, 267 Hemideina maori, 172–3, 175 kangaroo-rats, 36 Hesiocaeca methanicola, 84 Keilin, David, 97 Hessler, Bob, 79 kopjes, 49 hibernation, 68, 76–7, 94, 180 Kristensen, Reinherdt, 106 Hinton, Howard, 105, 230 histones, 149, 257 lag phase, 117–18, 125 Holmstrup, Martin, 165 Lake Nakuru, 52 honeybees, 133 Lake Vanda, 57–8 hot springs, 87, 139, 141, 144–5 Lake Vostok, 58–9, 241–2 Horwarth, Kathy, 156 larch, 74 Hubble Space Telescope, 232, 243 latitudinal gradients, 258–9, 258 hummingbirds, 131 Lee, Rick, 175, 181 hydrothermal vents and their organisms, Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 45, 97 80–3, 81, 88, 141–4, 145, 205, 219, 227, lichens, 22, 45, 55–6, 59, 66, 96 264–5 life Hyla spp., 181 definitions of, 220–1 Hyla versicolor, 183 elsewhere in the Universe, 60, 230–44 hyperthermophiles, 145–8, 201, 205, 229, 254, necessities for, 18–19, 221–4 274 origins of, 224–30 HZE particles see heavy high-energy life boxes, 4–8, 5–7, 246–7, 271–2, 275–6, 276 particles Life in Extreme Environments Programme, 231 ice cream, 174, 196 Linnaeus, 19 icefish, 170 Littorina littorea, 176 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521782120 - Life at the Limits: Organisms in Extreme Environments David A.