TAXONOMIC STUDY OF CHALCIDIDAE (CHALCIDOIDEA: HYMENOPTERA) OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN BY TOHEED IQBAL A Dissertation submitted to The University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (ENTOMOLOGY) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN MAY, 2015 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF CHALCIDIDAE (CHALCIDOIDEA: HYMENOPTERA) OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN BY TOHEED IQBAL A Dissertation submitted to The University of Agriculture, Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (ENTOMOLOGY) Approved By: _________________________ Prof. Dr. Mian Inayatullah Chairman Supervisory Committee _________________________ Prof. Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Member Major Field _________________________ Prof. Dr. Farman Ullah Member Minor Field Deptt. of Plant Protection _________________________ Prof. Dr. Mohammad Naeem Chairman and Convener Board of Studies _________________________ Prof. Dr. Mian Inayatullah Dean, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences _________________________ Prof. Dr. Farhatullah Director, Advanced Studies & Research DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN MAY, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES …...……………………………………….............................. I LIST OF FIGURES...………………………………………….............................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………….................. iii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………........................................ iv 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………................. 1 1.1 Biology and Economic Importance …………………………………... 1 1.2 Distribution ……………………………………………........................ 3 1.3 Classification ……………………………………………..................... 3 2. OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………....................... 6 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………. 7 3.1 Work done in Pakistan ……………………………………………...... 13 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………. 15 4.1 Collection and Preservation of Chalcididae ………………………….. 15 4.2 Identification ……………………………………………..................... 16 4.3 Description and Illustration …………………………………………... 16 4.4 Key to different Taxa ……………………………………………........ 16 4.5 Repository ……………………………………………......................... 17 4.6 Terminology and Abbreviations ……………………………………… 17 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………... 19 5.1 Distinguishing Characters of Chalcididae ……………………………. 19 5.2 Key to genera of Chalcididae ………………………………………… 21 5.3 Subfamily Haltichellinae ……………………………………………. 24 5.3.1 Tribe Haltichellini ……………………………………………............. 24 5.3.1.1 Genus Antrocephalus Kirby ……………………………………....... 25 5.3.1.1.1 Key to the species of Genus Antrocephalus Kirby .………………...... 26 5.3.1.1.2 Species Antrocephalus mitys Walker ……..………......……………... 26 5.3.1.1.3 Species Antrocephalus nicus Narendran .…………......…………….... 30 5.3.1.2 Genus Hockeria Walker…………..…......……………....................... 32 5.3.1.2.1 Key to species of Genus Hockeria Walker ………..……......……….. 33 5.3.1.2.2 Species Hockeria angentigera Holmgren …………......…………….. 33 5.3.1.2.3 Species Hockeria nikolskayae Husain & Agarwal ......………..……... 35 5.3.1.3 Genus Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre ……….........……………....... 38 5.3.1.3.1 Key to the species of Genus Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre ………… 39 5.3.1.3.2 Species Kriechbaumerella ayyari (Gahan) ……..………......………... 39 5.3.1.3.3 Species Kriechbaumerella kala Narendran …………......…………... 42 5.3.1.4 Genus Neochalcis Kirby ………………......……………................... 45 5.3.1.4.1 Species Neochalcis breviceps (Masi) ………………......…………….. 45 5.3.2 Tribe Hybothoracini ………………………......……………................ 48 5.3.2.1 Genus Psilochalcis Kieffer ……..………......….…………................. 48 5.3.2.1.1 Species Psilochalcis carinigena (Cameron) .….………......………….. 49 5.3.2.2 Genus Proconura Dodd ………………………......……………......... 52 5.3.2.2.1 Species Proconura minusa Narendran ……..……......……………...... 52 5.3.2.3 Genus Neohybothorax Nikol`skaya .………......……………............ 55 5.3.2.3.1 Species Neohybothorax hetera (Walker) ……………......…………… 55 5.4 Subfamily Chalcidinae ………………………......…………….......... 58 5.4.1 Genus Chalcis Fabricius ..…………......……………......................... 58 5.4.2 Species Chalcis gibsoni Narendran .…………......……………........... 59 5.4.2 Tribe Brachymeriini ………………………......……………................ 62 5.4.2 Genus Brachymeria Westwood …………......……………................ 62 5.4.2.1 Key to species of Genus Brachymeria Westwood ..…………......…… 64 5.4.2.2 Species Brachymeria alternipes (Walker) ……………......………….. 65 5.4.2.3 Species Brachymeria apicicornis (Cameron) .…………......………… 67 5.4.2.4 Species Brachymeria jambolana (Gahan) .……………......…………. 69 5.4.2.5 Species Brachymeria marginiscutis (Cameron) .…………......……… 72 5.4.2.6 Species Brachymeria minuta (Linnaeus) .…………......……………... 74 5.4.2.7 Species Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) ..…………......…………. 79 5.4.2.8 Species Brachymeria habui Huseyin Ozdikmen …......………………. 83 5.4.2.9 Species Brachymeria medicina Joseph, Narendran & Joy .…………... 86 5.5 Subfamily Dirhininae ………………………......…………………… 88 5.5.1 Genus Dirhinus Dalman ………..……......………………………….. 88 5.5.1.1 Key to the species of Genus Dirhinus Dalman ..……………......……. 89 5.5.1.1.1 Species Dirhinus anthracia Walker ………..……......………………. 90 5.5.1.1.2 Species Dirhinus auratus Ashmead ……………......………………… 94 5.5.1.1.3 Species Dirhinus hesperidum (Rossi) ..……………......……………... 96 5.5.1.1.4 Species Dirhinus himalayanus Westwood …..………......…………… 99 5.5.1.1.5 Species Dirhinus secundarius Masi …………..……......……………. 102 5.6 Subfamily Epitraninae ………………………......………………….. 105 5.6.1 Genus Epitranus Walker …..…………......…………………………. 105 5.6.1.1 Key to the species of Genus Epitranus Walker .......……………………. 106 5.6.1.1 Species Epitranus parvidens (Strand) .……………......……………... 106 5.6.1.2 Species Epitranus elongatulus (Motschulsky) ………......…………… 108 6 SUMMARY………………………......……………………………… 111 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………… 113 8 LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………... 115 9 PLATES ………....………………………………………………….. 133 10 FIGURES ……..……………………………………………………. 154 ! LIST OF PLATES 1. Proconura Minusa Narendran …………………………….. 134 - 136 2 Brachymeria alternipes (Walker) ……………………….. 136 - 137 3 Brachymeria apicicornis (Cameron) …………………… 137 – 138 4 Brachymeria jambolana (Gahan) ………………………. 138 - 139 5 Brachymeria minuta (Linnaeus) …………………………... 140 - 141 6 Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) ……………………. 141 - 142 7 Brachymeria marginiscutis (Cameron) ………………… 143 - 144 8 Brachymeria habui Huseuin Ozdikmen ………………… 145 9 Brachymeria medicina Joseph, Narendran & Joy ……… 146 - 147 10 Dirhinus anthracia Walker……………………………….. 147 – 148 11 Dirhinus auratus Ashmead ………………………………. 148 - 149 12 Dirhinus himalayanus Westwood ………………………… 149 - 151 13 Dirhinus hesperidum (Rossi) ..……………………………. 151 - 152 14 Dirhinus secundarius Masi …..…………………………… 152 - 153 i LIST OF FIGURES 1. Generalised head of Chalcididae ………………………. 155 2 Lateral View of Head Profile …………………………... 155 3 Antennal segments ……………………………………... 156 4 Mesosoma of Chalcididae ……………………………… 156 5 Wing Venation …………………………………………. 157 6 Hind Leg ……………………….………………………. 157 7 Lateral View of Metasoma …………………………….. 157 8 Antrocephalus mitys Walker ……………………………… 158 - 160 9 Antrocephalus nicus Narendran .………………………… 160 - 161 10 Hockeria argentigera Holmgren …………………………. 162 - 163 11 Hockeria nikolskayae Husain & Agarwal ………………. 164 - 166 12 Kriechbaumerella ayyari (Gahan) ………………………... 166 - 168 13 Kriechbaumerella kala Narendran ……………………….. 169 - 170 14 Neochalcis breviceps (Masi) …………………………….. 170 - 172 15 Psilochalcis carinigena (Cameron) …………………….. 172 - 174 16 Neohybothorax hetera (Walker) ………………………… 174 - 175 17 Chalcis gibsoni Narendran ………………………………… 176 - 177 18 Epitranus parvidens (Strand) ……………………………… 178 - 179 19 Epitranus elongatulus (Motschulsky) ……………………. 179 - 181 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I prostrate in gratitude to Almighty Allah, the Most Merciful and Beneficent, Whose bounteous Blessings, enabled me to perceive and pursue higher ideals of life. I wish to express my sincerest thanks to my Supervisor & Dean, Prof. Dr. Mian Inayatullah, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar for his inspiration, guidance and generous assistance throughout this study and ultimately in presentation of this dissertation. I would also like to thank my supervisory committee members, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem, Chairman, Department of Entomology, Prof. Dr. Sajjad Ahmad, Member Major Field, Department of Entomology and Prof. Dr. Farman Ullah, Member Minor Field, Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar for serving as my committee members. Special thanks are offered to Prof. Dr. Lynn S. Kimsey, Director, Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA for providing me an opportunity to work in her lab. I am also thankful to Steve L. Heydon, Curator Bohart Museum of Entomology, UC Davis and all the members of Bohart Museum who helped, supported me and loved me just like their family during my stay at UC Davis. I heartedly thank Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to grant me Indigenous Fellowship for my PhD studies in Pakistan and also enabled me to explore horizons of research and latest taxonomic techniques in University of California, Davis, USA through International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP). I would also like to thank Dr. Wasiullah Malik