THE PHILIPPINES HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS AT THE FOREFRONT DESPITE AN ONGOING CULTURE OF VIOLENCE AND IMPUNITY International Fact-Finding Mission Report February 2015 Source: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection - http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/philippines.html OMCT and FIDH would like to thank the Republic and Canton of Geneva, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Fondation de France, Fondation “Un Monde par tous”, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Organisation of La Francophonie (OIF), Mairie de Paris, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Open Society Foundation, Sigrid Rausing Trust (SRT) and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) for making the publication of this report possible. Its content is the sole responsibility of OMCT and FIDH and should in no way be interpreted as refl ecting the view(s) of the supporting institutions. The Observatory THE PHILIPPINES - Human rights defenders at the forefront despite an ongoing culture of violence and impunity TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT 5 2.1 A history of political instability and violence 5 2.1.1 A fragile democratic State 5 2.1.2 A country that continues to be in the grip of multiple internal confl icts and armed groups 5 2.2 Economic context 6 2.2.1 An economy suffering from an acute crisis and leading to the marginalisation of millions into poverty 6 2.2.2 Land rights, mining operations and companies 7 III. AN ONGOING CULTURE OF VIOLENCE AND IMPUNITY: A CONSEQUENCE OF SYSTEMIC FLAWS AND INFIRMITIES 10 3.1 The proliferation of private security forces and arms, a grave threat to civilians 11 3.2 The role of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippines’ National Police (PNP) in human rights violations: complicity and inaction 12 3.2.1 An ongoing culture of impunity despite legislative and institutional reforms 14 3.2.2 Legislative and institutional reforms 14 3.2.3 Weak institutional human rights mechanisms that do little to reverse the climate of impunity 16 3.3 Impunity for abuses against human rights defenders 19 IV. CRIMINALISATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS 21 4.1 Red tagging and vilifi cation of human rights defenders 21 4.2 Human rights defenders framed in false criminal cases, protracted trials and long incarceration 22 V. LAND AND INDIGENOUS HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS PARTICULARLY TARGETED 26 5.1 Human rights defenders supporting farmers in Lanao del Norte, Mindanao: a lethal pattern of brazen killings 26 5.2 Human rights defenders supporting the rights of indigenous peoples in Tampakan, South Cotabato 33 5.2.1 Large scale ecological degradation and violations of the rights of indigenous peoples by mining and agro-business operations: the case of the Sagittarius Mines Inc. (SMI) copper-gold project in Tampakan 33 5.2.2 Indigenous human rights defenders at risk for opposing mining, deforestation, and other development projects 36 5.3 Excessive and indiscriminate use of force against human rights defenders of urban poor 41 VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42 ANNEX 1: PERSONS MET BY THE MISSION 46 Directors of publication: Gerald Staberock, Karim Lahidji. Drafting: Vrindra Grover, Delphine Reculeau, Miguel Martín Zumalacárregui. Edition and coordination: Miguel Martín Zumalacárregui, Delphine Reculeau, Hugo Gabbero. Translation into English: Danielle Louise Perkins Distribution: The full text of this report is published in English. Copyright: The World Organisation against Torture (OMCT) and the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) authorise the free reproduction of extracts of this text on condition that the source is credited and that a copy of the publication containing the text is sent to their respective International Secretariats. Graphic design: MOSTRA SARL Printed by OMCT OMCT ISBN 978-2-88894-062-3 1 The Observatory THE PHILIPPINES - Human rights defenders at the forefront despite an ongoing culture of violence and impunity LIST OF ACRONYMS AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines CADT Certifi cate of Ancestral Domain CAFGU Citizens’ Armed Forces Geographical Unit CAFOD Catholic Agency For Overseas Development CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law Programme CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CHRP Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines CLOA Certifi cate of Land Ownership Award DAR Department of Agrarian Reform DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DKMP Democratic Movement of Farmers in the Philippines DOJ Department of Justice ECC Environment Compliance Certifi cate EU European Union FIDH International Federation for Human Rights FLAG Free Legal Assistance Group FPIC Free, Prior and informed Consent IB Infantry Battalion ICC International Coordinating Committee ILO International Labour Organisation IPRA Indigenous People’s Rights Act Karapatan Alliance for the Advancement of People’s Rights LAHRA Lanao Alliance of Human Rights Advocates LRC Legal Rights Centre MILF Moro Islamic Liberation Front NCCP National Council of Churches of the Philippines NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples NGOs Non-Government Organisations NHRI National Human Rights Institution NIPAR New Indigenous Peoples’ Army NPA National People’s Army NUPL National Union of Peoples Lawyers OMCT World Organisation Against Torture PAHRA Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates PAO Public Attorney’s Offi ce PARAD Provincial Agrarian Reform Adjudicator PARO Provincial Agrarian Reform Offi cer PHRC Presidential Human Rights Committee PNP Philippine National Police SCAAs Active Auxiliary units SMI Sagittarius Mines, Inc. TCGP The Copper-Gold Project TFDP Task Force Detainees of the Philippines TSF Tailing Storage Facility UN United Nations UNCT United Nations Country Teams UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Council UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund UPR Universal Periodic Review 2 The Observatory THE PHILIPPINES - Human rights defenders at the forefront despite an ongoing culture of violence and impunity EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since July 2010, the number of reported extrajudicial killings and enforced disappear- ances has decreased in the Philippines, and President Aquino has publicly committed that his Government would not allow human rights violations and would ensure that justice will be rendered. However, the culture of violence and impunity continues due to the absence of accountability for past human rights violations, to the feeble and superfi cial response to ongoing violations, and to the inaction and apathy on the part of the police to rigorously investigate grave violations. Partisan police investigation and protracted trials inspire little faith in the criminal justice system. Even though the Government has passed new laws such as the Anti-Torture Act and the Anti-Enforced Disappearance Act, constituted Human Rights Units in the Armed Forces and the National Police of the Philippines, and set up a focal point for Human Rights Defenders within the Commission of Human Rights of the Philippines, the challenge of widespread and systematic impunity remains. The plethora of laws and institu- tional mechanisms, purportedly for advancement of human rights, inspires little confi dence, as in their actual work and practices political, economic and military actors continue to enjoy impunity. The Mission delegation also observed the effects of the continuous militarisation in the country, with the military largely assuming functions of law enforcement. The emergence of multiple illegal and unaccountable private armies, legalised paramilitary groups such as the Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and the Investment Defence Unit, as well as the large scale possession and availability of dangerous arms and weapons, are contribut- ing to the climate of impunity for human rights violations, including attacks on human rights defenders. The Mission delegation noted that there is in the Philippines a pattern of widespread and systematic attacks on human rights defenders who face grave risks including extrajudicial killings, torture, enforced disappearances, illegal detention, harassment through implication in false criminal cases, intimidation and threats. Human rights defenders at the forefront of diverse struggles in urban and rural areas of the Philippines, including those involved in struggles around marginal farmers’ right to land, indigenous peoples’ rights to their ancestral domain, housing rights of urban poor, lawyers, journalists and activists involved in human rights work, are under serious threat, constantly vilifi ed, intimidated and “terrorised”. They are targeted either by State and non-State ac- tors or by both acting in collusion and coordination with each other. They are also victimised through long spells of incarceration in false and trumped up charges. They are prosecuted for criminal offences and treated as political prisoners. The present fact-fi nding mission report presents the main fi ndings of the Observatory Mis- sion that was carried out in November 2012 in the Philippines. The document includes de- tailed conclusions and recommendations to the Government of the Philippines, the United Nations, the European Union and foreign embassies in the Philippines 3 The Observatory THE PHILIPPINES - Human rights defenders at the forefront despite an ongoing culture of violence and impunity I. INTRODUCTION On behalf of the Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, a joint pro- gramme of