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Wolfe The Riddle of the Sphinx: Aristotle, Penelope, and 1 Empedocles Johannes Fritsche Science as a Cure for Fear: The Status of Monsters in 21 Lucretius Morgan Meis Nature and its Monsters During the Renaissance: 37 Montaigne and Vanini Tristan Dagron Conjoined Twins and the Limits of our Reason 61 Annie Bitbol-Hesp´eri`es Degeneration and Hybridism in the Early Modern Species 109 Debate: Towards the Philosophical Roots of the Creation-Evolution Controversy Justin E. H. Smith Leibniz on the Unicorn and Various other Curiosities 131 Roger Ariew The Creativity of God and the Order of Nature: 153 Anatomizing Monsters in the Early Eighteenth Century Anita Guerrini The Status of Anomalies in the Philosophy of Diderot 169 Annie Ibrahim The Materialist Denial of Monsters 187 Charles T. Wolfe Cerebral Assymetry, Monstrosities and Hegel. 205 On the Situation of the Life Sciences in 1800 Michael Hagner The Lady Knight of the Perilous Place 217 Elfriede Jelinek Monster: More than a Word. From Portent to Anomaly, 231 the Extraordinary Career of Monsters Beate Ochsner Index 281 List of Contributors In alphabetical order Roger Ariew is Professor and Chair, Department of Philosophy, Univer- sity of South Florida. He is the author of Descartes and the Last Scholastics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999) and co-author of Historical Dictio- nary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy (Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2003); he has recently published editions and translations of Descartes, Philosophical Essays and Correspondence (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000), Leibniz and Clarke, Correspondence (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000), Mon- taigne, Apology for Raymond Sebond (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2003), and Pascal, Pens´ees (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005). His present research con- cerns Cartesian philosophy in the second half of the seventeenth century. Annie Bitbol-Hesp´eri`es is the author of Le principe de vie chez Descartes (Paris: Vrin, 1990) and produced the critical edition of Descartes’ Le Monde including the treatise on man (L’Homme) (Paris: Seuil, 1996). She recently prepared a large multimedia exhibition, “Les Monstresa ` la Renaissance et `a l’ˆage classique,” for the Biblioth`eque Interuniversitaire de M´edecine in Paris. Tristan Dagron is Charg´e de Recherches at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Lyon). He is the author of Unit´edel’ˆetre et dialec- tique : l’id´ee de philosophie naturelle chez Giordano Bruno (Paris: Vrin, 1999), and co-edited (with H´el`ene V´edrine) Mondes, formes et soci´et´eselon Giordano Bruno (Paris: Vrin, 2003). He recently produced the critical edi- tions with French translations of John Toland’s Letters to Serena (Lettres `a Serena et autres textes [Paris: Honor´e Champion, 2004]) and Christianity Not Mysterious (Le christianisme sans myst`eres [Paris: Honor´e Champion, 2005]). iv List of Contributors Johannes Fritsche teaches philosophy in the Institut f¨ur Philosophie, Wis- senschaftstheorie, Wissenschafts- und Technikgeschichte of the Technisches Universit¨at Berlin. He is the author of Methode und Beweisziel im ersten Buch der Physikvorlesung des Aristoteles (Frankfurt: Anton Hain, 1986) and Historical Destiny and National Socialism in Heidegger’s Being and Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), as well as many es- says on Greek and contemporary philosophy. Anita Guerrini is a Professor in the Departments of History and Environ- mental Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Her books include Natural History and the New World (American Philosophical Soci- ety, 1986) and Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2003), and she is the author of many essays on anatomy, natural history and physiology in the eighteenth century. Michael Hagner holds a Chair in Science Studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Z¨urich. He is the author of Homo cerebralis. Der Wandel vom Seelenorgan zum Gehirn (Frankfurt: Insel, 2000) and Geniale Gehirne. Zur Geschichte der Elitegehirnforschung (G¨ottingen: Wallstein, 2004), among other books, and has edited collections such as Der falsche K¨orper. Beitr¨age zu einer Geschichte der Monstrosit¨aten (G¨ottingen: Wall- stein, 1995), Ansichten der Wissenschaftsgeschichte (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2001), and most recently Einstein on the Beach. Der Physiker als Ph¨anomen (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2005). List of Contributors v Annie Ibrahim is Professeur agr´eg´e de philosophie at the Lyc´ee Chaptal in Paris as well as Directeur de Programme at the Coll`ege International de Philosophie. She published Le vocabulaire de Diderot (Paris: Ellipses, 2002) as well as many essays in the field of seventeenth and eighteenth- century philosophy of the life sciences and metaphysics, focusing primarily on Diderot, with more recent studies on Buffon, Maupertuis, Epicureanism, Leibniz, and Descartes. She recently edited the collection entitled Diderot et la question de la forme (Paris: PUF, 1999) and Qu’est-ce qu’un monstre? (Paris: PUF, 2005). Elfriede Jelinek is a novelist, playwright and essayist in Vienna. Among her works available in English are: Lust, Women as Lovers, The Piano Teacher (all published by Serpent’s Tail Press); the latter work was recently adapted for cinema by Micha¨el Haneke. Recent dramatic works include the series “Der Tod und das M¨adchen” and the political play “Bambiland” (2003). Jelinek received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004. Morgan Meis is an Instructor in Greek and Latin at the Graduate Faculty, New School for Social Research, Senior Consulting Editor of the Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, and founder of the Flux Factory in Queens, New York, where he co-edits the Old Town Review. vi List of Contributors Beate Ochsner is Assistant Professor in the Department of Romance Lit- erature of the Universit¨at Mannheim. Her PhD thesis dealt with the 19th- century French author Charles Nodier (Charles Nodier. Digressionen [Hei- delberg: Winter, 1998]). Her Habilitationsschrift, DeMONSTRAtion. On the representation of monsters and the monstrous in literature, photogra- phy and film (M¨unchen: Synchron, forthcoming) examined particular me- dia representations of the monster in 19th-century French literature (Hugo, Huysmans) and photography (Charcot, Virchow), as well as in Tod Brown- ing’s film “Freaks.” Her research interests concern literature in Romance languages (e.g. Jarry: Le Monstre 1900 [Aachen: Shaker, 2002]), and me- dia theory, in which she worked on the phenomenon of the cinematic serial killer, the theory of intermediality (Intermediale. Kommunikative Konstel- lationen zwischen Medien,T¨ubingen, 2001), the relation between medium and memory (Medium und Ged¨achtnis, Frankfurt, 2004), and different as- pects of Italian cinema. Justin E. H. Smith is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Concordia University in Montr´eal. He is the editor of The Problem of Animal Genera- tion in Early Modern Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), and has published numerous articles on Leibniz and his contempo- raries. He is currently at work on a book on the problem of biological species in late 17th-century natural philosophy. Charles T. Wolfe is Research Fellow at the Center for Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University. He edited The Renewal of Materi- alism (Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 22:1, 2000), and (with Ubaldo Fadini & Antonio Negri), Desiderio del Mostro. Dal Circo al Laboratorio alla Politica (Rome: Manifestolibri, 2001), and has published several ar- ticles on eighteenth-century materialism and the life sciences, as well as the identity theory of brain and mind, and concepts of organism; his next project is editing a special issue of Science in Context on medical vitalism and materialism. He is also an editor of the Paris-based journal Multitudes. Acknowledgements The original idea of assembling a collection of essays on monsters was suggested to me by Morgan Meis, in response to my earlier enthusiasm for the topic.1 But the collection would never have come together, after fits and starts, if it were not for the support of John Symons. My thanks also goes to the translators, Stacey Dagron, Lynn Niizawa, Justin E.H. Smith (together with Michael Seifried), and Nicolas de Warren; to Alexandre M´etraux for his inspiration over the years; to Badr El Fekkak and Fabrice Stroun for their advice; to J´erˆome Massard for his brilliant visual contribution, and to Annie Bitbol-Hesp´eri`es for her assistance in obtaining the cover illustration, for which the Biblioth`eque Interuniversitaire de M´edecine at the University of Paris V-Ren´e Descartes graciously gave permission.