THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 2020 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Trill ʙ r ʀ Tap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪ ʏ ʊ ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʃ̵ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ǁ Alveolar lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress ʜ Affricates and double articulations ˈ ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts͜ kp͡ ˌ Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. ʡ Epiglottal plosive ː Long eː ˑ Half-long eˑ DIACRITICS ̆ Extra-short ĕ Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental ̥ n̥ d̥ ̤ b̤ a ̤ ̪ t̪ d ̪ | Minor (foot) group Voiced Creaky voiced Apical ̬ s̬ t̬ ̰ b̰ a ̰ ̺ t̺ d ̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻ . Syllable break ɹi.ækt ̹ More rounded ɔ̹ ʷ Labialized tʷ d ʷ ̃ Nasalized ẽ ‿ Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release ̜ ɔ̜ ʲ tʲ dʲ ⁿ dⁿ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS ̟ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ LEVEL CONTOUR Extra ̠ Retracted e̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d ̚ e̋ or ˥ high ě or Rising High Falling Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized é ˦ ê ̈ ë ̴ ɫ High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) ē ˧ e᷄ ̽ e̽ ̝ e̝ ɹ̝ Low è ˨ Low e᷅ rising ̩ Syllabic n̩ ̞ Lowered e̞ ( β ̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ȅ ˩ low e᷈ falling ̯ Non-syllabic e̯ ̘ Advanced Tongue Root e̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise ˞ Rhoticity ɚ a˞ ̙ Retracted Tongue Root e̙ ꜛ Upstep ↘ Global fall Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊ Typefaces: DejaVu Sans (symbols); Doulos SIL (metatext).