Madge.connect Madge Training TRN-02A Multi-segment Token Ring Self-Study Guide COPYRIGHT ©1997 Madge Networks Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, manual or otherwise, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of Madge Networks, Inc. NOTICE The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Madge Networks, Inc., reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof without notice. DISCLAIMER While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, Madge Networks Ltd., assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions that may appear in this document. Nor does it assume any liability for any damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. TRADEMARKS ©1997 Madge Networks, Ltd. All rights reserved. Madge and the Madge logo are trademarks, and in some jurisdictions, may be registered trademarks of Madge Networks. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Madge Training TRN-03 - Multisegment Token Ring _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents 1. COURSE PREREQUISITES AND OBJECTIVES .................................................3 1.2 COURSE OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 3 1.3 COURSE PREREQUISITES ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 TOPICS YOU WILL COVER ......................................................................................... 3 1.5 COURSE OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................. 4 2. COURSE MAP ................................................................................................5 3. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE..............................................................................6 3.1 WHAT IS COVERED IN THIS GUIDE ............................................................................. 6 3.2 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE ......................................................................................... 6 4. REVIEW TOKEN RING BASICS .......................................................................6 4.1 ANSWERS TO REVIEW.............................................................................................. 8 5. BRIDGING FUNDAMENTALS.........................................................................11 5.2 SERIAL BRIDGES .................................................................................................. 17 5.3 PARALLEL BRIDGES .............................................................................................. 18 5.4 REMOTE BRIDGES ................................................................................................ 18 5.5 BACKBONE TOPOLOGY .......................................................................................... 19 5.6 DUAL BACKBONES................................................................................................ 21 5.7 BRIDGING METHODS ............................................................................................ 22 5.8 TRANSPARENT BRIDGE OPERATION .......................................................................... 23 5.9 SOURCE ROUTE BRIDGE OPERATION....................................................................... 28 5.10 SOURCE ROUTE TRANSPARENT BRIDGES................................................................ 30 5.11 WHAT MAKES A ROUTER DIFFERENT FROM A BRIDGE?............................................... 30 5.12 SELF STUDY: COMBINING BRIDGING AND ROUTING .................................................. 33 5.13 TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING: BRIDGING FUNDAMENTALS.......................................... 34 6. THEORY OF SOURCE ROUTE BRIDGING......................................................36 6.1 SELF STUDY : - RING NUMBERS AND BRIDGE NUMBERS.............................................. 37 6.2 RING NUMBERS AND BRIDGE NUMBERS - 3 RULES TO REMEMBER ................................. 38 6.3 SELF STUDY - DRAW A FRAME WITH THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOPS............................ 40 6.4 TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING: THEORY OF SOURCE ROUTING....................................... 43 7. THEORY OF SOURCE ROUTE BRIDGING: EXPLORER FRAMES ....................44 7.1 SELF STUDY: ALL ROUTES EXPLORERS .................................................................... 45 7.2 WHY USE ALL ROUTES EXPLORERS? ....................................................................... 46 7.3 DISADVANTAGES OF ALL ROUTES EXPLORERS........................................................... 46 7.4 WHY USE SPANNING TREE EXPLORERS?................................................................... 48 7.5 EXPLORATION STRATEGIES .................................................................................... 50 7.6 PROS AND CONS OF ARE OUT SR RETURN................................................................ 51 7.7 PROS AND CONS OF STE OUT ARE BACK ................................................................. 52 7.8 PROS AND CONS OF STE OUT SR BACK ................................................................... 52 7.9 CONTROL HEADER FIELDS..................................................................................... 52 7.10 BRIDGE DECISION PROCESS ................................................................................ 55 7.11 REVIEW OF EXPLORATION STRATEGIES: A REAL WORLD ISSUE.................................... 55 7.12 TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING: EXPLORER FRAMES................................................... 57 8. SPANNING TREE..........................................................................................57 8.1 ADDRESSING FORMATS FOR SPANNING TREE FRAMES ................................................. 60 8.2 CANONICAL AND NON-CANONICAL ADDRESSING FORMATS ............................................ 60 8.3 ELECTION OF ROOT BRIDGE - THE BRIDGE ID........................................................... 62 8.4 DETERMINING THE DESIGNATED BRIDGES - ROOT PATH COST ..................................... 65 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Copy of Sg_trn02A Madge Networks Page 1 of 93 Madge Training TRN-03 - Multisegment Token Ring _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.5 SELF-STUDY: PREDICTING THE SPANNING TREE......................................................... 66 8.6 REVIEW SPANNING TREE ....................................................................................... 67 8.7 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE: SPANNING TREE................................................................ 68 9. RING AND BRIDGE NUMBER CONFIGURATION WORKSHOP .........................69 9.1 PRE-REQUISITES FOR THIS WORKSHOP ..................................................................... 69 9.2 PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................... 69 9.3 POINTS TO REMEMBER .......................................................................................... 70 9.4 INSTRUCTIONS TO FOLLOW ..................................................................................... 70 9.5 YOU WILL HAVE COMPLETED THIS EXERCISE WHEN..................................................... 70 10. SPANNING TREE WORKSHOP ....................................................................72 10.1 PRE-REQUISITES FOR THIS WORKSHOP ................................................................... 72 10.2 PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE........................................................................................ 72 10.3 POINTS TO REMEMBER ........................................................................................ 72 10.4 INSTRUCTIONS TO FOLLOW ................................................................................... 73 10.5 YOU WILL HAVE COMPLETED THIS EXERCISE WHEN................................................... 74 10.6 SPANNING TREE WORKSHOP: ANSWERS ................................................................. 75 11. EXPLORER FRAMES WORKSHOP...............................................................76 11.1 PRE-REQUISITES FOR THIS WORKSHOP ................................................................... 76 11.2 PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE........................................................................................ 76 11.3 POINTS TO REMEMBER ........................................................................................ 76 11.4 INSTRUCTIONS TO FOLLOW ................................................................................... 77 11.5 ANSWERS TO EXPLORER WORKSHOP ..................................................................... 80 11.6 EXPLORER WORKSHOP CONCLUSIONS.................................................................... 81 12. APPENDIX- TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING: ANSWERS................................83 12.1 BRIDGING FUNDAMENTALS .................................................................................. 83 12.2 SOURCE ROUTING THEORY .................................................................................. 85 12.3 EXPLORER FRAMES............................................................................................