Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information THE ROME OF POPE PASCHAL I In the early ninth century, a critical time in Rome’s transformation from ancient capital to powerful bishopric to new state capital, Pope Paschal I undertook a building campaign to communicate his authority and Rome’s importance as an ancient and contemporary seat of power. Combining analysis of contem- porary chronicles and documents, architecture, mosaics and new archaeology of medieval Rome, Caroline J. Goodson examines Paschal’s urban project, revealing new patterns of popular saint veneration in resplendent new churches built using traditional architectural vocabularies. These transformations connect the city and the pope to the past and the present, in the same league as the Byzantine and Carolingian capitals and their emperors. By examining the relationships between the material world and political power in early medieval Rome, this innovative study reveals the importance of Rome’s sacred and urban landscape in constructing papal rule and influence both in the city and beyond. caroline j. goodson is Lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck College, University of London. She is currently field-directing the Roman and medieval excavations of Villamagna (Anagni). She has authored a number of articles on Rome and Italy with particular attention to ecclesiastical buildings and the cult of saints. She was co-editor of Walls and Memory: The Abbey of San Sebastiano, Alatri (Lazio) from late Roman monastery to Renaissance villa and beyond (2005)andCities, Texts and Social Networks, 400–1500: Experiences and perceptions of medieval urban space (2010). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought Fourth Series General Editor: rosamond mckitterick Professor of Medieval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Sidney Sussex College Advisory Editors: christine carpenter Professor of Medieval English History, University of Cambridge jonathan shepard The series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought was inaugurated by G. G. Coulton in 1921; Professor Rosamond McKitterick now acts as General Editor of the Fourth Series, with Professor Christine Carpenter and Dr Jonathan Shepard as Advisory Editors. The series brings together outstanding work by medieval scholars over a wide range of human endeavour extending from political economy to the history of ideas. A list of titles in the series can be found at: www.cambridge.org/medievallifeandthought © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information THE ROME OF POPE PASCHAL I Papal power, urban renovation, church rebuilding and relic translation, 817–824 CAROLINE J. GOODSON © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521768191 c Caroline J. Goodson 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2010 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn 978-0-521-76819-1 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information For my friends © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information CONTENTS List of illustrations page viii Acknowledgements xi A note on terms and measurements used xiii Abbreviations xvii 1 paschal i and the history of rome 1 2 building in rome 44 3 constructing the papal city 81 4 beyond the basilica 160 5 building the home of the saints 197 6 transformations 257 Tables 279 Bibliography 334 Index 374 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information ILLUSTRATIONS All photographs and illustrations are by the author, unless indicated. 1 Map of Rome in the early Middle Ages, including page xx known locations of major churches discussed and the Einsiedeln Itineraries. 2 Map of sites discussed. xxi 3 S. Cecilia in Trastevere, interior. 3 4 S. Prassede, interior. 4 5 S. Maria in Domnica, interior. (Photo: Archivio 5 Fotografico, Soprintendenza Speciale per il Polo Museale Romano, no. 214306.) 6 Triclinium of Leo III, reconstructed apse mosaic, c. 800 20 reconstructed in the eighteenth century. 7 Isometric drawing of the Lateran palace in the ninth 23 century, including the two triclinia of Leo III, c. 800. (Drawing by M. Luchterhandt, reproduced with kind permission.) 8 Map of Forum Romanum and Imperial Fora in the 50 early Middle Ages. 9 House on the Forum of Nerva (Forum Transitorium), 57 c. 850. 10 Reconstrution drawing of the house on the Forum of 58 Nerva and the area around it in the second half of the ninth century. (Drawing by Inklink, reproduced with kind permission of the Comune di Roma.) 11 Plan of the early medieval curtis at Largo Argentina. 59 (Drawing by R. Santangeli Valenzani, reproduced with kind permission.) 12 Silk made in Constantinople and used in the reliquary 74 of Paschal I, now located in the Museo Sacro, Musei Vaticani, inv. no. 61231, reproduced with kind permission. viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information Illustrations 13 Plan of S. Prassede in the ninth century. 84 14 Plans of early medieval churches from Richard 88 Krautheimer, ‘The Carolingian Revival’. 15 Plans from other early medieval churches in Rome, after 89 Robert Coates-Stephens, Richard Krautheimer. 16 Plan of the Cappella del Bagno, S. Cecilia in Trastevere. 99 17 Plan of S. Vincenzo Maggiore, S. Vincenzo al Volturno 114 in the early ninth century. Plan after F. Marazzi. 18 Two different capitals from the nave colonnade of S. 120 Maria in Domnica, one with carving of the second century (Archivio Soprintendenza Speciale per il Patrimonio Storico, Artistico ed Etnoantropologico e per il Polo Museale della citta` di Roma, n. 220946, reproduced by kind permission) and one with carving of the ninth century (Archivio Soprintendenza Speciale per il Patrimonio Storico, Artistico ed Etnoantropologico e per il Polo Museale della cittadi` Roma, n. 220965, reproduced by kind permission.) 19 Plan of S. Maria Maggiore, c. 830. Plan after S. de 124 Blaauw. 20 Plan of St Peter’s, c. 830. 132 21 Reconstruction of the plutei of S. Prassede. 139 22 Reconstruction of the plutei of S. Cecilia. 140 23 Reconstruction of the plutei of S. Maria in Domnica. 140 24 Plan of S. Maria in Domnica, c. 830, including a 146 reconstruction of the curtains and textiles donated to the church by Pope Paschal. 25 Reconstruction of the ninth-century chancel barrier at 147 S. Maria Maggiore. (Drawing by J. Emerick after S. Corbett, reproduced by kind permission.) 26 Apse mosaic of S. Prassede. 150 27 Apse mosaic of S. Cecilia in Trastevere. 151 28 Apse mosaic of S. Maria in Domnica. (Photo: Archivio 155 Soprintendenza Speciale per il Patrimonio Storico, Artistico ed Etnoantropologico e per il Polo Museale della citta` di Roma, n. 161254, reproduced by kind permission.) 29 Axonometric reconstruction of S. Prassede, c. 830. 156 30 Mosaics of the right Triumphal arch, S. Prassede. 157 (Photo: Deutsches Archaologischen¨ Instituts – Rom, neg. no. 90-2, reproduced by kind permission.) ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76819-1 - The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824 Caroline J. Goodson Frontmatter More information Illustrations 31 Entrance to the S. Zeno chapel, S. Prassede. 162 32 Pavement of the S. Zeno chapel, S. Prassede. 163 33 Socle bases from S. Zeno chapel, S. Prassede. 164 34 The Inscription of the Saints from S. Prassede, c. 820, 167 224 cm. × 89 cm. (Photo: Soprintendenza speciale per il Polo Museale Romano, neg. no.