ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN ROHILKHAND REGION OF U.P. ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF II GEOGRAPHY ^ j 1 J^ . By :. > ANISUR REHMAN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. HIFZUR REHMAN (READER) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004 iMVee COT^IP ^& ,d^ ABSTRACT Agriculture constitutes an Important activity of the people living in the Rohilkhand region. New agricultural strategy provides a base for further research in technological application in increasing the quantum of production and productivity per unit area and per person. The objectives of the sustainable development of agriculture In the region are i.e., to produce the crops in harmony with the nature without doing the loss to the environment, improve income and living standards of the people living in the rural areas. Social justice and attainment of equal opportunities are the corner stones in the development strategies. The Rohilkhand region forms a part of the state of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and covers an area of 30,257 sq.km. (10.27 per cent) of the state, and lies in between latitudes 27°35'N and 29°58'N and longitudes 78°0'E and 80°27'E. The entire region comprises 7 districts namely, Bijnore, Moradabad, Rampur, Budaun, Barellly, Shahjahanpur and Pilibhit. Each district is further sub- 'ti divided for administrative purposes into a number of tehsils, development blocks and villages as that district consists. There are 37 tehsils, 90 development blocks and 15,058 villages in the Rohilkhand region. The region contains a total population of 16.6311 million persons, given an average density of 550 persons per sq.km. (1991 census). The following are some of objectives to take the study : 1. To take a stock of physical characteristics of the region which provides a basic frame for the cultivation of land and performance of agriculture in Rohilkhand region. 2. To examine the extent of land utilization and crop landuse patterns in the Rohilkhand region. 3. To analyst the agricultural productivity and demarcate productivity regions in the Rohilkhand region. 4. To examine the role of technological factors and to establish their relation with agricultural development in the Rohilkhand region. 5. To undertake an analysis of output and input in crop productivity regions, and to determine the levels of agricultural development in the Rohilkhand region. 6. To suggest suitable measures for the future agricultural development in a sustainable manner in the region. The present work is based on secondary sources of data published in the statistical bulletins for each district namely, BIjnore, Moradabad, Rampur, Budaun, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur and Pilibhit for the period of five successive years 1994-95 to 1998-99 on an average basis. The required data are collected and kept in records by the concerned District Statistical Office in each district. Considering the equality of size and homogeneity and contiguity of the socio-economic and physical composition, development block is considered as a viable unit of analysis. The agricultural productivity indices for 90 development blocks were computed with the help of area and production of 18 nnajor crops grown in the region. These crops were grouped ™(^ as : cereals (rice, wheat, barley, jowar, baj'ra and maize); pulses (blackgram (urd), greengram (moong), lentil (masoor), gram, peas and pigeon-pea (arhar/tur); oilseeds (mustard, sesamum (til), groundnut and sunflower) and cash crops (sugarcane and potatoes). Productivity indices for the crops concerned and for each block were calculated on the basis of Yang's Crop Yield index. Some of the technological factors were selected so as to establish the correlation with agricultural development. Factor Analysis techniques was applied by selecting a set of 14 variables. The computation of data was done on SPSS Programme on ALPHA System at the Computer Centre, A.M.U. Aligarh. Finally, the levels of agricultural development were /^ determined with the help of computed Composite Index. The overall assessment of the study reveals that the agricultural development in Rohilkhand region Is more dependent upon the management of technological factors which are shared in the cultivation in the form of irrigation, fertilizers, High-Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds and mechanization. The development blocks which show a concentration of high degree of agricultural innovations are agriculturally advanced than the blocks in which the farming is traditional and nature's role is dominant. However, the present level of agricultural development in the region needs improvements in order to meet the demands of populations by adopting certain strategies for sustainable development of agriculture In the development blocks of the Rohilkhand region. JO'' ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN ROHILKHAND REGION OF U.P. THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ^titiat of ^^tl0S0)i^^ Ij ^ GEOGRAPHY '^ • '- // -^ By ' ^ ^/ ANISUR REHMAN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. HIFZUR REHMAN ^rw- -* (READER) ^ DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2004 " U- T6676 educated to Q4€^ Z/ a^y-e'Ti/td' Or. Hifzur Rehman Department of Geography M.A.,Ph.D.(Alig.) Aligarh Muslim University Reader Aiigarh-202 002 (India) Tel. 0571-2700683 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Anisur Rehman has completed his research work for the award of Ph.D. degree entitled "Role of Technology for Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Rohilkhand Region of U.P." under my supervision. (Dr. Hifzur Rehman) PREFACE The main objectives to undertake the present study are to examine the levels of agricultural development in Rohilkhand region of the state of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) in India. New agricultural technology has played a dominant role in increasing the crop production and productivity in per unit terms. But the rate of application of new technology in agriculture has been an uneven phenomena in the Rohilkhand region. This study attempts to highlight the regional variations in crop cuhivation and production characteristics, and role of technological factors in bringing about the changes in the levels of agricultural development. Some of the suggestions have been putforth to minimize the regional variations in a sustainable manner. The entire study spreads over in five chapters. Chapter fifst deals with the physical setting of the region : the structure and relief, drainage, climate and soils. Chapter second is devoted to examine the process of land utilization and crop landuse pattern in the region. Chapter ihird deals with the assessment of agricultural productivity and delineate the productivity regions in the region. Chapter four examines the role of some of the selected technological factors in the region. Chapter five attempts to establish a correlation between output and some of the selected inputs in the form of independent variables for the analysis of crop productivity regions and levels of agricultural development in Rohilkhand region. In the end of the study a conclusion and some of the suggestions have been given, which may present a base for framing a guideline for the sustainable development of agriculture in the region. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I bow in reverence to the almighty Allah whose benign benediction gave me the zeal for the completion of this work. I express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Hifzur Rehman, Reader, Department of Geography, A.M.U. Aligarh, for his generous inspirations, invaluable suggestions and scholarly guidance which helped me in the completion of this research work. I am thankful to Prof. Salahauddin Qureshi, Chairman, Department of Geography, A.M.U. Aligarh, for providing me all the necessary facilities in the Department to carry out the work. I am indebted to Prof. Emeritus Mohd. Shafi, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh, who provided me inspiration and encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. I am indebted jtfx^iijls to Drs. Abdul Munir, Farasat AH Siddiqui and Shamshul Haque Siddiqui, Readers, Department of Geography, A.M.U. Aligarh for their help and suggestions rendered to me from time to time. I am also thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Geography and my colleague, Dr. Mokkammil Hussain for their valuable help rendered to me. I will be failing in my duties if I do not acknowledge Mr. Mohd. Ashfaque, System Programmer, Computer Centre, A.M.U. Aligarh and Mr. H.K. Sharma for computation of data and manuscript typing. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude and sincere regards to my family members for their intrinsic support and encouragement throughout my research work. Dated mAb-oh (ANISUR REHMAN) CONTENTS Page No. Preface i Acknowledgements ii List of Figu res v-vi List of Tables vii-viii INTRODUCTION 1-7 CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL SETTING OF TH REGION 8-36 A. Structure and Relief 9 B. Drainage 11 C. Physical Divisions 17 D. Climate 22 E. Soils 31 CHAPTER 2 CROP LANDUSE PATTERN REGION 37-65 A. Land Utilization 38 B. Crop Landuse Pattern 49 CHAPTER 3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTIVITY REGIONS IN ROHILKHAND REGION 66 -118 A. The Concept of Agricultural Productivity 67 B. The Measurement of Agricultural Productivity 75 C. Crop Productivity Regions in Rohilkhand Region 92 IV CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AND THEIR DIFFUSION IN ROHILKHAND REGION 119-157 A. Mechanization 122 B. Intensity of Irrigation 133 C. Chemical Fertilizers 145 D. Literacy 152 CHAPTER 5 INPUT AND OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP IN THE CROP PRODUCTIVITY REGIONS AND THE LEVELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ROHILKHAND REGION 158-180 A. The Correlation Matrix 159 B. Factor Analysis 164 C. Levels of Agricultural Development-Based 172 on Composite Index CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 181-187 APPENDICES 188-199 BIBLIOGRAPHY 200-220 **** LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page No. No. 1 Rohilkhand Region : Location of Development 3 Block 2 Rohilkhand Region: Drainage 12 3. Rohilkhand Region: Soils 32 4. Percentage of Area under Cereal Crops in 58 Rohilkhand Region - 1994-95 to 1998-99 5.