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Europe €6.95 VIEWS AND ANALYSES FROM THE AFRICAN CONTINENT ISSUE 18 • 2012 TTAO18.inddAO18.indd i 22012/03/20012/03/20 112:222:22 PPMM TTAO18.inddAAfO i18.indd 13iiii i dd 2 2011/05/2422012/03/20012/03/20 12112:222: 0422 PMPM EDITORIAL Dear Reader our favourite magazine on Africa has a new look. We hope you will enjoy the new features and columns in this edition, while still giving you the comment and analysis on Africa’s current a! airs from the best experts out there. " e aim of the redesign of both the magazine and our website is to create an attractive platform for the discus- sion of those issues that matter to Africans. Log on to the website for a daily blog and regular podcasts featuring top commentators at the Institute for Security Studies and elsewhere. Y Do not hesitate to comment on the blog or on Facebook and Twitter. We’re waiting to hear your views. n the news in the last few weeks has been the 5-year mandate of the president of the in 2010. Reform of the judiciary seems to Ithe growing concern about a planned re- National Assembly to one year to get rid be one of the changes that are slowly but view of South Africa’s Constitutional of Sall. Strange but true. surely producing results. Court decisions. Statements from senior Constitutions, though, have also been SA’s President Jacob Zuma states cor- ANC o# cials about the constitution have amended or replaced to serve a positive rectly that a constitution is a ‘living docu- also raised fears among those who sus- purpose. In Kenya, citizens seem fairly ment’. People would certainly agree with pect constitutional changes are envisaged satis% ed with key elements of its new con- changes if these guarantee more democ- to limit their freedoms. stitution, voted in through a referendum racy and not less. When it comes to changes to consti- tutions, Africans have seen it all. Constitutions across the continent resident Amadou Toumani Touré – also initially applauded by Ivorians. have been chopped and changed at the Pof Mali sets an example other He & ed Abidjan a$ er unsuccessfully whim of heads of state and repressive re- heads of state could emulate. trying to manipulate elections and gimes. O$ en it is for rulers to stay on in Contrary to many of his peers, es- died a bloody death in September power for longer than they should; gov- pecially former generals, he’ll be re- 2002. ernments wanting to silence the media tiring peacefully a$ er presidential Today, the Egyptian transitional and opposition dissent or those who elections in April and May this year. military rulers are doing much the would like to centralise power to make His story is exceptional. As head same. While initially promising sure there is no sharing of state resources. of the army, ATT, as he is popularly merely to ensure law and order in a Zimbabwe’s constitution, for exam- known, took power from the long- transition phase, they are still in con- ple, has been changed 19 times – a good time ruler Moussa Traouré following trol, keeping a tight rein on the run- reason why the opposition and many a popular revolt. up to elections taking place on 23 and Zimbabweans believe they need a new In a move very rarely seen follow- 24 May. one before another election. ing coups d’état, Touré then handed " e military, o$ en entrusted with In Senegal one of the roots of the ri- over power to a civilian president. He the task of getting rid of unpopular valry between outgoing president Abdou- remained widely liked and was elect- leaders or to ensure the ‘interim’, are laye Wade and his former Prime Minister ed president much later in 2002 and just as easily seduced by power as Macky Sall stems from an incident when 2007. politicians – once they’re at the top, Sall was president of the National Assem- " ere are very few army chiefs they’ll do anything to stay there. Ma- bly and dared to call Wade’s son Karim to like him. One thinks of general Rob- lians are lucky to have had ATT. address parliamentarians on an issue con- ert Guei of Côte d’Ivoire, who insisted cerning government funds. Furious, on staying on following a coup d’état Wade changed the constitution to reduce [email protected] Editorial board www.the-african.org APRIL | MAY 2012 1 4 PM TTAO18.inddAO18.indd 1 22012/03/20012/03/20 112:222:22 PPMM CONTENTS THE In this issue org ISSUE 18 • 2012 Newswatch 05 Upcoming 07 events Interview Features The Democracy 20 Charter SENEGAL A vote for News 08 democracy Analysis Political SOMALIA 10 violence Leadership AFRICAN 22 the key UNION DRC Confl icting Botched 13 pan-Africanisms 25 elections Nigeria’s 17 foreign policy A struggling 18 PAP Contributors PAUL-SIMON HANDY SOLOMON A DERSSO STEPHANIE WOLTERS ABDOU FALL Director Research at the Senior researcher in the Addis Africa analyst and expert on Professor of political sciences Institute for Security Studies. Ababa offi ce of the Institute the Democratic Republic of at Euromed University in He specialises in Europe-Africa for Security Studies. He has the Congo. She studied at Dakar, he holds a PhD from policy, international relations a PhD in constitutional and the John Hopkins University, the Institute for Political and politics and studied at the international law from the School of Advanced Sciences at the Toulouse- universities of Yaounde, Berlin University of the Witwaters- International Studies and is Capitole University in and Leipzig, where he rand. Director of Okapi Consulting Toulouse, France. completed his PhD in 2005. in Johannesburg. 2 TTAO18.inddAO18.indd 2 22012/03/20012/03/20 112:222:22 PPMM CREDITS COVER: South Africa’s Home Affairs minister, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Credit: Jacoline Prinsloo PUBLISHERS Mail & Guardian Media Grosvenor Corner 195 Jan Smuts Avenue, Rosebank Johannesburg 2193, South Africa Tel: +27 11 250 7300 Fax: +27 11 250 7502 .FEJB-JNJUFE 8 EDITOR Liesl Louw-Vaudran EDITORIAL BOARD Columns Paul-Simon Handy Hennie van Vuuren South Africa – African Futures Issaka Souare Cheryl Hendricks 28 Gareth Newham Curbing car Andrews Atta-Assamoah 42 David Zounmenou Sandra Adong Oder accidents Lansana Gberie COPY EDITOR West Africa – Sasha Evans 30 David Zounmenou Food PROOFREADER Iolandi Pool In Luanda 42 PRODUCTION MANAGER Peacekeeping – for lunch Trudy-Lee Rutkowski DESIGN 32 Festus Aboagye Pilgrim Communications PHOTOGRAPHY Paul Botes PUBLISHER FOR M&G MEDIA Anastacia Martin Business EDITOR MAIL&GUARDIAN Nic Dawes Agenda 35 items Books Leïla Marouane Investing in Institute for Security Studies 45 Block C, Brooklyn Court Veale Street tourism New Muckleneuk 36 Pretoria/Tshwane 0181 ANC centenary Tel: +27 12 346 9500/2 47 COPYRIGHT M&G Media Ltd and Zimbabwe’s the-african.org. No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written 38 tobacco hopes consent of the publishers. Sign off DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed are the responsibility of the authors and not those of 48 The Institute of Security Studies, its Council, Trustees, any funder or sponsor of the ISS or M&G Media Ltd. FFOROR MMOREORE CCOMMENTOMMENT AANDND AANALYSESNALYSES GGOO TTOO wwww.the-african.orgww.the-african.org Listen to podcasts, read our daily blog on SUBSCRIPTIONS AND current African issues and send us your views. DISTRIBUTION Helen Chanda Tel: +27 12 346 9500 email: [email protected] www.the-african.org APRIL | MAY 2012 3 TTAO18.inddAO18.indd 3 22012/03/20012/03/20 112:232:23 PPMM TTAO18.inddAO18.indd 4 22012/03/20012/03/20 112:232:23 PPMM NEWSWATCH the region. While this initiative is designed also needs to refrain from merely duplicat- Doubts over new to remove or reduce the threat of the LRA, ing operational structures and techniques LRA plan there is no guarantee that it will facilitate that do not work. " e military command the termination of local-level con& ict driv- will be in the hands of national govern- " e African Union (AU) has now become ers in LRA-a! ected countries. Paradoxi- ments, which could fuel suspicion and in- involved in the % ght against the Lord’s cally, the decision to deploy a regional in- traregional tensions within the alliance. Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda, fol- tervention force demonstrates the impact " e AU’s decision to mobilise a re- lowing a meeting of the AU Peace and that the LRA has had on the region. It di- gional force is also political one, and un- Security Council late last year. " e initia- rectly a! ects the people and governments doubtedly this will a! ect the direction, tive is supported by the United Nations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo duration and outcome of the initiative.