Title of project: Tū Whare Ora – Building Capacity for Māori Driven Design in Sustainable Settlement Development Contract Number: 05-RF-15 Principal Investigator Shaun Awatere Organisation: Landcare Research 2008 Additional Report Authors: Craig Pauling, Shad Rolleston, Rau Hoskins and Karl Wixon This report was provided to Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga as a contractual obligation of the research project undertaken by the named researchers and funded by Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga. The report is the work of the named researchers and has been posted here as provided. It does not represent the views of Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga and any correspondence about the content should be addressed directly to the authors of the report. For more information on Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga and its research, visit the website on www.maramatanga.ac.nz Tū Whare Ora – Building Capacity for Māori Driven Design in Sustainable Settlement Development Shaun Awatere Craig Pauling Shad Rolleston Rau Hoskins Karl Wixon Landcare Te Rūnanga o 81 Sherwood Design Tribe Wiki Design Research Ngāi Tahu Street PO Box 47-311 P O Box 8454 Private Bag PO Box 13 046 Tauranga Ponsonby Hastings 3127 Christchurch New Zealand Auckland New Zealand Hamilton New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0809/039 PREPARED FOR: Nga Pae o te Maramatanga University of Auckland DATE: October 2008 Reviewed by: Approved for release by: Garth Harmsworth Michael Krausse Scientist Science Manager Landcare Research Landcare Research © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2008 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The findings in this report are specific to this project. Landcare Research accepts no responsibility where information in the report is used for any other purpose, and will not be liable for any loss or damage suffered as a result of such other use. iv Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 2. Co-evolution and Sustainability in the Māori Built Environment ................................. 2 2.1. Pre-European Māori Built Environments........................................................... 2 2.2. Post-Contact Adaptations and Change ............................................................... 7 2.3. Mid-20th Century Developments ...................................................................... 10 2.4. Revitalisation and the Emergence of a Māori Driven Design Paradigm.......... 13 2.5. Applying Sustainable Development – Māori Built Environments into the Future… ....................................................................................................................... 16 3. Evaluating Papakāinga – An Assessment Process ....................................................... 18 3.1. Methodology..................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Assessing Papakāinga Design .......................................................................... 20 Defining papakāinga......................................................................................... 20 Aspirations for papakāinga............................................................................... 22 How do we assess papakāinga? ........................................................................ 23 Key questions for assessing papakāinga........................................................... 23 Papakāinga assessment outline......................................................................... 24 The Mauri model – assessing aims and aspirations.......................................... 24 Assessment stages............................................................................................. 26 3.3. Discussion and Concluding Remarks............................................................... 26 4. Ngā Hua Papakāinga – Papakāinga Design Principles ................................................ 28 4.1. Urban Design Principles................................................................................... 29 Context.............................................................................................................. 29 Character........................................................................................................... 29 Choice............................................................................................................... 29 Connections ...................................................................................................... 30 Creativity .......................................................................................................... 30 Custodianship ................................................................................................... 30 Collaboration .................................................................................................... 30 4.2. Māori Urban Design Principles ........................................................................ 30 Whānaungatanga .............................................................................................. 31 Kotahitanga....................................................................................................... 31 Wairuatanga...................................................................................................... 31 Mauritanga........................................................................................................ 32 Orangatanga...................................................................................................... 32 Manaakitanga.................................................................................................... 32 Kaitiakitanga..................................................................................................... 32 Rangatiratanga.................................................................................................. 33 Mātauranga ....................................................................................................... 33 4.3. Case-Studies: Ngāti Whātua o Ōrakei .............................................................. 33 Background....................................................................................................... 33 Ōrakei Site ........................................................................................................ 34 Ōrakei Community ........................................................................................... 37 Development Plan............................................................................................. 37 Development Principles.................................................................................... 37 District Plan Zoning.......................................................................................... 40 4.4. Case Study: Oikimoke ...................................................................................... 41 Background....................................................................................................... 41 Landcare Research v Oikimoke Site................................................................................................... 42 Oikimoke Community ...................................................................................... 43 Development Principles.................................................................................... 45 Development Plan............................................................................................. 47 4.5. Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................ 49 5. Papakāinga Design and Documentation – Towards Best Practice............................... 51 5.1. Steps in the Papakāinga Design Process........................................................... 51 Te Wawata – The Vision .................................................................................. 51 Te Ture Whenua Act/Governance.................................................................... 51 Choosing a Lead Consultant or Project Manager............................................. 52 Appointing a Lead Consultant or Project Manager.......................................... 52 Scoping/Feasibility – Establishing Parameters for the Papakāinga Design ..... 53 Papakāinga Development Process Model/Project Control Group.................... 54 Master Planning – Establishing a Long-Term Vision for the Papakāinga ....... 54 Master Planning and the Role of Permaculture................................................ 55 Stage 1 – Development Planning...................................................................... 55 Whānau/Local Skill and Resource Inventory................................................... 55 Establishing Design Briefs ............................................................................... 55 Flexibility and Durability ................................................................................. 56 Māori Design Vernacular ................................................................................. 56 Alternative energies.......................................................................................... 56 Testing the Design(s).......................................................................................