NASA/TM−2013-217995/Volume I NESC-RP-12-00822 Probing Aircraft Flight Test Hazard Mitigation for the Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails & Cruise Emissions (ACCESS) Research Team Michael J. Kelly/NESC Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia May 2013 NASA STI Program . in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. advancement of aeronautics and space science. The Collected papers from scientific and NASA scientific and technical information (STI) technical conferences, symposia, seminars, program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain or other meetings sponsored or co- this important role. sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information Officer. technical, or historical information from It collects, organizes, provides for archiving, and NASA programs, projects, and missions, disseminates NASA’s STI. 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Perkins, Jr., and Mr. Omar Quijano conducted aerodynamic analyses in support of this assessment. Michael Sean Walsh provided excellent graphic artist support. The following team members were significant contributors to the contents of this document. Name Discipline Organization Core Team Joseph Roche NESC Deputy Lead GRC Robert Clarke Flight Test Hazard Mitigation DFRC Fletcher Hartshorn Loads and Dynamics Tybrin Corporation Steve Lilley Safety and Mission Assurance GRC Michael Mendenhall Aerodynamics Subteam Lead Nielsen Engineering and Research, Inc. Anthony Pototzky Loads and Dynamics LaRC William Rose Flight Test Hazard Mitigation Rose Engineering and Research, Inc. Consultants Wayne Bryant Wake Turbulence Expert Retired FAA The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in the report is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 7115 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 443-757-5802 NASA Engineering and Safety Center Document #: Version: NESC-RP- 1.0 Technical Assessment Report 12-00822 Title: Page #: Probing Aircraft Flight Test Hazard Mitigation 1 of 118 for the ACCESS Research Team Volume I Probing Aircraft Flight Test Hazard Mitigation for the Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails & Cruise Emissions (ACCESS) Research Team April 18, 2013 NESC Request No.: TI-12-00822 NASA Engineering and Safety Center Document #: Version: NESC-RP- 1.0 Technical Assessment Report 12-00822 Title: Page #: Probing Aircraft Flight Test Hazard Mitigation 2 of 118 for the ACCESS Research Team Report Approval and Revision History NOTE: This document was approved at the April 18, 2013, NRB. This document was submitted to the NESC Director on April 30, 2013, for configuration control. Approved: Original Signature on File 5/1/13 NESC Director Date Office of Primary Version Description of Revision Effective Date Responsibility 1.0 Initial Release Mr. Michael J. Kelly, 4/18/13 NESC Associate Principal Engineer, LaRC NESC Request No.: TI-12-00822 NASA Engineering and Safety Center Document #: Version: NESC-RP- 1.0 Technical Assessment Report 12-00822 Title: Page #: Probing Aircraft Flight Test Hazard Mitigation 3 of 118 for the ACCESS Research Team Table of Contents Technical Assessment Report 1.0 Notification and Authorization ..................................................................................................... 7 2.0 Signature Page ................................................................................................................................ 8 3.0 Team List ........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 9 4.0 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 10 5.0 Assessment Plan ........................................................................................................................... 13 6.0 Background and Problem Description ....................................................................................... 13 6.1 ACCESS Flight Tests ....................................................................................................... 13 6.1.1 Experiment Background and Aircraft Descriptions .......................................................... 13 6.1.2 DC-8 Description .............................................................................................................. 16 6.1.3 Falcon 20 Description ....................................................................................................... 17 6.2 Previous Flight Tests with Leader/Follower Aircraft ....................................................... 23 6.2.1 NASA Flight Tests ............................................................................................................ 24 6.2.2 Canadian National Research Council (NRC) Flight Tests ................................................ 24 6.2.3 German Aerospace Agency Flight Tests .......................................................................... 26 6.3 Falcon Flight Test Hazards ............................................................................................... 29 6.3.1 Aircraft Structural Failure ................................................................................................. 29 6.3.2 Engine Flameout due to Ingestion of Distorted Flow ....................................................... 29 6.3.3 Aircraft Controllability/Operability at Unusual Attitudes ................................................ 30 6.4 Project Analyses ............................................................................................................... 30 6.4.1 Wake Model ...................................................................................................................... 30 6.4.2 Aerodynamic Analysis ...................................................................................................... 31 6.4.3 Structural Assessment ....................................................................................................... 31 7.0 Data Analyses ............................................................................................................................... 32 7.1 Wake Vortex Behavior ..................................................................................................... 32 7.1.1 Fundamental Behavior and Evolution .............................................................................. 32 7.1.2 Near-Field Behavior ......................................................................................................... 35 7.1.3 Far-Field Behavior ............................................................................................................ 50 7.1.4 Mid-Field Behavior ..........................................................................................................