Af. fU AJ',4U P& hl'aV'W§E 1I IFMALL - SGALE WATER WATER AND SANITATION PUMPING IN BOTSWANA FOR HEALTP PROJFC] VOLUME i: COMPARISONS Operited by CDM ,nd Awno. lates Sponsored by the U S Agency for Internatio,al D ,, opment 1611 N. Kent Str,2et, Room 1002 Arlington, VA 22209-2111 USA Telephone (703) 243-112,00 Tle, No WUI 45 2 WASH FIELD REPORT NO. 235 Cabl Address WASHAII) DECEMBER 1987 Prepared for the USAID Bureau for Africa, Office of Technical Resources, USAID Mission to Botswana and the Government of Botswana WASH Activity No. 328 WASH Field Report No. 235 SMALL-SCALE WATER PUMPING IN BOTSVANA VOLUME I: COMPARISONS Prepared for the USAID Bureau for Africa, Office of Technical Resources, USAID Mission to Botswana and the Government of Botswana under WASH Activity No. 328 by Jonathan Hodgkin Richard McGowan and Ron D. White December 1987 Water and Sanitation for Health Project Contract No. 5942-C-00-4085-00, Project No. 936-5942 is sponsored by the Office of Health, Bureau for Science and Technology 1).S. Agency for international Development Washington, DC 20573 FOREWORD The results and conclusions of the Comparative Water Pumping Project have been reported in a five-volume set entitled SMALL-SCALE WATER PUMPING IN BOTSWANA. This report consists of only the first volume: I COMPARISONS Contained herein is a compatative analysis of seven technologies used for water pumping in Botswana. Volume I draws upon and summarizes the voik reported in Volumes II through V. The remaining volumes are entitled: II DIESELS III WINDMILLS IV SOLAR PUMPS V ANIMAL-DRAVN PUMPS, BIOGAS, ELECTRIC, AND HANDPUMPS. Copies of the latter volumes are available upon request from WASH. Specific information regarding all volumes of this report may be requested from Associates in Rural Development, Inc., 110 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05402 U.S.A. Section ae Abbreviations and Acronyms i Preface jj I. Executive Summary II. Introduction 7 A. Purpose 7 B. Scope of the Analysis C. Approach 8 D. 9 Limitations 11 Ill. Background 13 A. General Information 13 B. Water Pumping C. 15 Currcnt Government Activity 15 1. Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs 16 2. Ministry of Local Government and Lands 17 3. Other Government Agencies D. 18 Donor Activity 18 E. Private-Sector Activity F. 19 Renewable Energy 21 IV. Pump Selection Issues 23 A. Borehole Characteristics B. 24 End Uses 26 1. Domestic Use in Villages 26 2. Livestock Watering 3. Irrigation 27 C. 28 Equipment 29 1. System Design 29 2. Capital Costs 29 3. Labor 30 4. Transportation D. 30 Borehole Operation 31 1. Pump Operators 31 2. Consumables E. Reliability 32 F. 32 Acceptance 36 V. TechnoloQy Choice 38 A. Diesel Pump Sets 38 1. Description and Use 38 2. Issues 38 B. Mains-Connected Electric Pumps 42 1. Description and Use 42 2. Issues 44 C. Windmills 46 1. Description and Use 46 2. Issues 47 D. Solar Pumps 50 1. Description and Use 50 2. Issues 51 E. Animal-Drawn Pumps 55 1. Description and Use 55 2. Issues 56 F. Bio-Gas Substitution 58 1. Description and Use 58 2. Issues 59 G. Handpumps 60 1. Description and Use 60 2. Issues 62 VI. Economic Analvsis by Maior Water-User Group 65 A. Economic Analysis Approach 65 B. Major Villages 67 1. Technology Choice 68 2. Economics 69 3. Infrastructure 73 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 75 C. Rural Villages 75 1. Technology Choice 76 2. Economics 77 3. Infrastructure 81 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 83 D. Other Government Agencies 85 1. Technology Choice 86 2. Economics 87 3. Infrastructure 93 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 93 E. Private Sector 95 1. Technology Choice 96 2. Economics 97 3. Infrastructure 103 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 104 VII. Constraints and Incentives 106 A. Technical Limitations 106 B. Market Size and Availability 109 C. Training 109 D. Transportation ill E. Financing 112 F. Strategic Considerations 114 VIII. Conclusions 116 A. Diesel Pumps 117 B. Grid-Electric Pumps 119 C. Windmills 119 D. Photovoltaic Pumps 120 E. Animal-Drawn Pumps 122 F. Bio-Gas Substitution 123 G. Handpumps 124 IX. Recommendations 125 A. General 125 B. Diesel Pumps 126 C. Grid-Electric Pumps 127 D. Solar PV Pumps 128 E. Handpumps 128 F. Windmills 129 G. Animal-Drawn Pumps 129 H. Bio-Gas Substitution 130 I. Summary 130 Bibl ioQraphy 131 Appendices: 'A -- Test Sites A-1 B -- Description of Economic Models B-1 C -- Aquifer Performence and Borehole Costs C-1 D -- Water Storage D-I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AC alternating current ADP animal-drawn pump AID Agency for International Development, Washington, DC ALC annual life-cycle costs BCL Bamangwato Concessions Limited BDF Botswana Defense Force BPC Botswana Power Corporation BRET Botswana Renewable Energy Technology project BRS Borehole Repair Service BTC Botswana Technology Centre CWPP Comparative Water Pumping Project DC direct current DEE Department of Electrical Engineering DWA Department of Water Affairs EEC European Economic Community GOB government of Botswana GS Geological Survey GTZ Gemeinschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit km kilometer(s) kV kilovolt kW kilowatt m2 square meters m3 cubic meters m/sec meters per second MLGL Ministry of Local Government and Lands mm millimeter(s) MMRWA Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs MoA Ministry of Agriculture NDB National Development Bank NGO nongovernmental organization ODA Overseas Development Administration P pula PV photovoltaic RET renewable energy technology RIIC Rural Industries Innovation Centre RTC Rural Training Center SIDA Swedish International Development Authority SWL standing water level USAID U.S. Agency for International Development Wp peak watts WTGS Wind Technology Group Scrowe WUC Water Utilities Corporation PREFACE The Comparative Water Pumping Project (CWPP) was jointly funded by the Government of Botswana and the the U.S. Agency for International Development. Technical assistance was provided by Associates in Rural Development Inc. (ARD) of Burlington Vermont, USA. The project was implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs (MMRWA). Project field staff included Mr. Jonathan Hodgkin, engineer and field team leader; Mr. Lucas Motsisi, Chief Technical Officer - Renewable Energy at the Department of Water Affairs; Mr Modise Motshoge and Mr Peter Modimoofile, technicians and a seconded crew led by Mr. Keberang Goitsemang. Project support was provided by consultants Mr. Rick McGowan, engineer; and Mr. Ron White, economist. This report covers the work of the project from February 1986 through June 1987. The CWPP was a continuation activity of the Botswana Renewable Energy Technology (BRET) Project. Continuing work will be carried out with assistance from the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). The project team wishes to acknowledge the assistence and guidance provided by Mr. F.O. Motlhatlhedi, the Senior Energy Officer at MMRWA. In addition the help and cooperation of the Botswana Technology Centre, the Rural Industries Innovation Centre, the Water Engineer at the Ministry of Local Government and Lands was very useful and greatfully accepted. The support and assistance provided by the REDSO Energy advisor, Mr C.Anthony Pryor in initial support of the activity and ongoing evaluation has also been invaluable. ii The Comparative Water Pumping Project (CWPP) was jointly funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development's (AID) Water and Sanitation for Health (WASH) project and Government of Botswana's (GOB) Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs (MMRWA). For the past three years, this project has been involved in a testing and evaluation program :Sor small-scale pumping systems, less than 10 kilowatts (kW). The first part of the program was conducted under the auspices of the Botswana Renewable Energy Technology (BRET) project, and focused on the installation, testing and evaluation of a wide variety of wind, photovoltaic (PV), diesel, grid-electric, and human- and animal­ powered pumping systems. It included both mature pumping technologies and development prototypes. The results of this work have been reported in WATER PUMP FIELD TESTS IN BOTSWANA (McGowan and Hodgkin, 15 April 1986). As a result of the clear benefits to be gained by continuing the program to complete the technical evaluation and collect longer-term data on service requirements znd recurrent costs, a second phase for the project was approved, CWPP. The results of the full scope of CWPP are presented in a series of five volumes, SMALL-SCALE WATER PUMPS IN BOTSWANA (Hodgkin, McGowan and White, 1987 and 1988). VOLUME I: COMPARISONS focuses on the seven pumping technologies included in the evaluation program and draws on the work -eported in Volumes II to V. CWPP's major objective was to examine the potential for using renewable energy technologies (RETs) to displace diesel systems for pumping water. Interest in this topic developed as a result of Botswana's goal to reduce the importation of oil and oil products, and a growing perception that renewable pumping technologies were technically viable and could be used in a cost­ effective manner in the local context. The work performed to validate these perceptions led to further testing and evaluation of a series of pumps that were already in place, as well as the installation and testing of other system types and configurations. During the course of the project, the following types of pumps were tested and evaluated: * diesel pump sets--10; * alternating current (AC) electric pump---six in two different configurations; * PV (solar) pumps--12 in five configurations; " windmills--15, six models; 1 " animal-drawn pump (ADP)--one, tested by the Botswana Technology Centre (BTC); " bio-gas substitution pump--one tested by BTC; and * handpumps--17, three models. In addition, an extensive examination of existing records and interviews with pump owners, technicians and suppliers added to the information base, and permitted a comprehensive technical and economic analysis of small-scale pumping technologies.