. ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHYAND ENVIRONMENTAL MALARIA RISK ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING: A CASE OF KEWET WOREDA, NORTH SHEWA ZONE, AMHARA REGION MAME ZEWGA GETANEH JUNE, 2016. ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHYAND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES MALARIA RISK ASSESSMENT USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING: A CASE OF KEWET WOREDA, NORTH SHEWA ZONE, AMHARA REGION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART IN GIS, REMOTE SENSING AND DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY BY: MAME ZEWGA GETANEH ADVISOR: Dr. ELLENI YESHANEH MAY, 2016. ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Mame Zewga entitled: Malaria Risk Assessment using GIS and remote sensing: A Case of Kewet Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography and Environmental Studies with specialization GIS, Remote Sensing and Digital Cartography compiles with the regulation of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by Examining committee: _________________________ ___________________ ____________________ Chairperson Signature Date _________________________ ___________________ ____________________ External examiner Signature Date _________________________ ___________________ ____________________ Internal examiner Signature Date _________________________ ___________________ ____________________ Advisor Signature Date DECLARATION I, certify that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university and that all sources of material used for this thesis have been dully acknowledged. Mame Zewga Getaneh School of Graduate Studies May, 2016. This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university advisor. Dr. Elleni Yeshaneh ________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty Lord, my savior; Who has been with me in all of the ups and downs from the beginning to the end of my study. My profound gratitude with appreciation goes to my advisor, Dr. Elleni Yeshaneh, for her esteemed, constructive and consistent follow ups and guidance throughout the work by devoting her valuable time. I am grateful to Mr. Getnet Sintayehu, for his unreserved help and consistent motivating words all through my study. I am grateful also to Mr. Demeke Alemayehu and Mr. Fikremariam Teshome for their readiness to share with me their invaluable knowledge and information. My special heartfelt gratitude goes to my Mom Beze Belete, my sister Meseret Kefelegn and my Aunts Asegedech and Haregeweyn Getaneh, whose love, advice and care helped me to survive challenges of life. Their motivating words are engines of strength when I feel tired. My mom is exceptionally unique in my life and she is at the center of my success next to God. I would also like to thank those people who are working at Kewet Woreda health office, Shewa Robit health center and National Meteorological Services Agency for their cooperation and provision of the required data. I apologize to all individuals whom I did not mention their names; I equally appreciate and acknowledge all of you heart-fully. Mame Zewga. June, 2016. i ACRONYMS ACT Artemisinin Based Combination Therapy ACIPH Addis Continental Institute of Public Health AED Academy for Education AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process AIDS Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CSA Central Statistical Agency DDT Dicholoro-Dephenyl-Trichloroethane DD Decimal Degree DEM Digital Elevation Model EMA Ethiopia Mapping Agency ERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis System FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FMoH Federal Ministry of Health GIS Geographic Information System GISSE Geographic Information System Society of Ethiopia GPS Global Positioning System HH House Holds INSA Information Network Security Agency ITBN Insecticide Treated Bed Net Km Kilometer m.a.s.l Meter Above Sea Level MCE Multi Criteria Evaluation MES Malaria Eradication Service MIS Malaria Indicator Survey MoA Ministry of Agriculture NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NMA National Meteorological Agency NOCMVD National Organization for the Control of Malaria and other Vector Born Disease ii NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure PMI President Malaria Initiative PPS Proportional to Population Size RBC Red Blood Cell RDT Rapid Diagnostic Tests SNNPR South Nation Nationality and People Region SRTM Shuttle Radar Thematic Mapper SSA Sub Sahara Africa To Temperature TM Thematic Mapper UNICEF United Nations Children‟s Fund USIAD U.S. Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization iii Table of Contents Contents Pages Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background of the Study .................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem and Justifications ..................................................................... 3 1.3. Objective of the Study ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. General Objectives ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Specific Objectives .................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Significance of the Study .................................................................................................. 5 1.6. Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................ 5 1.7. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................... 6 1.8. Organization of the Study ................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 7 2. Review of Literatures ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Malaria Epidemics ............................................................................................................ 7 2.2. Nature of the Disease ........................................................................................................ 8 2.3. Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite .................................................................................... 9 iv 2.4. Malaria Situation in the World and in Africa ................................................................. 11 2.5. Malaria Situation in Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 12 2.5.1. History of Malaria Control in Ethiopia .................................................................... 14 2.5.2. Burden of Malaria in Ethiopia ................................................................................. 14 2.5.3. Malaria Situation in North Shewa Zone .................................................................. 16 2.6. Factors Aggravating Malaria .......................................................................................... 16 2.6.1. Climatic Factors ....................................................................................................... 17 2.6.1.1. Temperature ...................................................................................................... 17 2.6.1.3. Humidity............................................................................................................ 18 2.6.2. Topographical Factors ............................................................................................. 19 2.6.2.1. Altitude .............................................................................................................. 19 2.6.2.2. Slope .................................................................................................................. 19 2.6.3. Socio-Economic Factors .........................................................................................