Notes Introduction 1. It is important to note that whilst the international context of German foreign policy changed virtually overnight with the end of the Cold War, the content of German foreign policy was resistant to wholesale changes. To this end Eberwein and Kaiser state, ‘To a certain extent, when Germany was unified and attained full sovereignty, its position in international politics changed overnight’, in Eberwein, W.-D. and Kaiser, K. (eds) (2001), p. 3, Germany’s New Foreign Policy: Decision-making in an Interdependent World (Basingstoke: Palgrave). Banchoff contends that, ‘The collapse of the Soviet bloc and reunifi- cation transformed the context of German foreign policy’ in Banchoff, T. (1999), p. 131, The German Problem Transformed: Institutions, Politics and Foreign Policy, 1945–1995 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). 2. Ladrech, R. (1994), ‘Europeanization of domestic politics and institutions: the case of France’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 32/1: 69–88; Miskimmon, A. and Paterson, W. E. (2003), ‘Foreign and Security Policy: On the Cusp Between Transformation and Accommodation’, in K. Dyson and K. H. Goetz (eds) (2003), German, Europe and the Politics of Constraint (Oxford: Proceedings of the British Academy/Oxford University Press), pp. 325–345; Lüdeke, A. (2002), Europäisierung der deutschen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik: Konstitutive und opera- tive Europapolitik zwischen Maastricht und Amsterdam (Opladen: Leske ϩ Budrich); Schmalz, U. (2004), Deutschlands europäisierte Aussenpolitik (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag); Smith, M. E. (2000), ‘Conforming to Europe: The Domestic Impact of EU Foreign Policy Co-operation’, Journal of European Public Policy, 7/4: 613–631; Torreblanca, J. I. (2001), ‘Ideas, Preferences and Institutions: Explaining the Europeanization of Spanish Foreign Policy’, Arena Working Papers, WP01/26, University of Oslo. 3. Bulmer, S. and Burch, M. (2000), ‘Coming to Terms with Europe: Europeanisation, Whitehall and the Challenge of Devolution’, Queen’s Papers on Europeanisation, No. 9/2000, Queens University Belfast, http://www.qub. ac.uk/ies/onlinepapers/poe9.pdf 4. Art 17 Treaty on European Union – humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking. 5. Cornish, P. and Edwards, G. (2001), ‘Beyond the EU/NATO Dichotomy: The Beginnings of a European Strategic Culture’, International Affairs, 77/3: 587–603; Meyer, C. O. (2005), ‘Convergence towards a European Strategic Culture? A Constructivist Framework for Explaining Changing Norms’, European Journal of International Relations, 11/4: 523–549. For a more elabo- rated version of this argument see also, Meyer, C. O. (2006), The Quest for a European Strategic Culture (Basingstoke, Palgrave). Longhurst defines strategic culture as, ‘ … a distinctive body of beliefs, attitudes and practices regarding the use of force, which are held by a collective (usually a nation) and arise gradually over time, through a unique and protracted historical process. 199 200 Notes Strategic culture is persistent over time, tending to outlast the era of its origi- nal inception, although it is not a permanent or static feature. It is shaped and influenced by formative periods and can alter, either fundamentally or piece- meal, at critical junctures in that collective’s experiences.’ See, Longhurst, K. and Zaborowski, M. (eds) (2005), Old Europe, New Europe and Transatlantic Security (London: Routledge). 6. Garton-Ash, T. (1993), ‘Germany’s Choice’, in Foreign Affairs, 73/4: 65–81; Zimmer, M. (1997), ‘Return of the Mittelage? The Discourse of the Centre in German Foreign Policy’, German Politics, 6/1: 23–38; Wallace, W. (1990), ‘Deutschlands zentrale Rolle: Ein Versuch die europäische Frage neu zu definieren’, Integration 13. Jg, 1/90, Beilage zur Europäischen Zeitung; Bulmer, S. and Paterson, W. E. (1996), ‘Germany in the European Union: Gentle Giant or Emergent Leader?’, International Affairs, 72/1: 9–32; Bach, J. P. G. (1999), Between Sovereignty and Integration: German Foreign Policy and National Identity After 1989 (New York: Lit Verlag/St.Martin’s Press); Bulmer, S., Jeffrey, C. and Paterson, W. E. (1997), ‘Shaping the regional milieu’, Gutachten für die Forschungsgruppe Europa und die Bertelsmann Wissenschaftsstiftung, München; Janning, J. and Meyer, P. (1998), Deutsche Europapolitik: Vorschläge zur Effektivierung (Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung); Pond, E. and Schoenbaum, D. (1996), The German Question and other German Questions (Basingstoke: Macmillan) Marsh, D. (1995), Germany and Europe: The Crisis of Unity (London: Mandarin); Rometsch, D. (1995), ‘The Federal Republic of Germany and the European Union: Patterns of Institutional and Administrative Interaction’, Institute for German Studies Discussion Paper 95/2, University of Birmingham; Garton-Ash, T. (1994), In Europe’s Name (London: Vintage); Katzenstein, P. (1987), Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of A Semi-Sovereign State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press); Bulmer, S. and Paterson, W. E. (1987), The Federal Republic of Germany and the European Community, (London: Allen and Unwin); Collins, S. D. (1998), Managing the Agenda? German Policy-Making with Regard to Eastern Enlargement of the European Union, PhD Study, Institute for German Studies, University of Birmingham; Katzenstein, P. J. (ed.) (1997), Tamed Power: Germany in Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press); Bulmer, S., Jeffery, C. and Paterson, W. E. (2000), Germany’s European Diplomacy: Shaping the Regional Milieu (Manchester: Manchester University Press); Banchoff, T. (1999), The German Problem Transformed: Institutions, Politics and Foreign Policy, 1945–95 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). 7. Bulmer, S. and Paterson, W. E. (1987), The Federal Republic of Germany and the European Community (London: Allen and Unwin); Bulmer, S. and Paterson, W. E. (1996), ‘Germany in the European Union: Gentle Giant or Emergent Leader?’, International Affairs, 72/1: 9–32; Bulmer, S., Jeffery, C. and Paterson, W. E. (2000), Germany’s European Diplomacy: Shaping the Regional Milieu (Manchester: Manchester University Press); Katzenstein, P. (1987), Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press). 8. For three excellent studies tackling German conceptions of European security see, Remmert, M. (1994), Westeuropäische Zusammenarbeit in der Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik: Positionen von Regierung und Koalitionsparteien der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1982–1991), (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag); Rühl, L. (1995), Deutschland als Europäische Macht, Bouvier Verlag, Bonn; Sauder, A. (1995) Souveränität und Integration (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag). Notes 201 9. Eliassen, K. A. (ed.) (1998), Foreign and Security Policy in the European Union (London: Sage); Hill, C. (ed.) (1996), The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy (London: Routledge); Hill, C. (ed.) (1983), National Foreign Policies and European Political Cooperation (Hemel Hempstead: Allen and Unwin); AICGS (1999), Franco-German relations and European Integration: a transatlantic dialogue – Challenges for German and American Foreign Policy, Conference Report, 16th September 1999, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies; Wyatt-Walter, H. (1997), The European Community and the Security Dilemma, 1979–92 (Basingstoke: Macmillan); Ifestos, P. (1987), European Political Cooperation: Towards a Framework for Supranational Diplomacy (Aldershot: Avebury); Carlsnaes, W. and Smith, S. (1993), European Foreign Policy: The EC and Changing Perspectives in Europe (London: Sage); Howorth, J. and Menon, A. (eds) (1997), The European Union and National Defence Policy (London: Routledge); Aybet, G. (1997), The Dynamics of European Security Co- operation, 1945–91 (Basingstoke: Macmillan); Nuttall, S. (1992), European Political Co-operation (Oxford: Clarendon Press); Regelsberger, E., De Schoutheete de Tervarent, P. and Wessels, W. (eds) (1997), From EPC to CFSP and Beyond (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers); Tsakaloyannis, P. (1996), The European Union as a Security Community: Problems and Prospects (Baden- Baden: Nomos Verlag); Van Eekelen, W. (1998), Debating European Security, 1948–1998 (The Hague: Sdu Publishers). 10. Lüdeke, A. (2002), ‘Europäisierung’ der deutschen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik? (Opladen: Leske ϩ Budrich) Schmalz, U. (2004), Deutschlands europäisierte Außenpolitik, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden. 11. For an excellent survey see, Olsen, J. P. (2002), ‘The Many Faces of Europeanization’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40/5: 921–952. 12. For example, Ladrech, R. (1994), ‘Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions: The Case of France’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 32/ 1: 69–88; Croft, S. (2000), ‘The EU, NATO and Europeanisation: The Return of Architectural Debate’, European Security, 9/ 3: 1–20; Solana, J. (1996), ‘NATO: Shaping up for the future’, Speech to the IISS, 19 September 1996, London, http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1996/s960919b.htm 13. Miskimmon, A. J. (2001), ‘Recasting the Security Bargains: Germany, European Security and the Transatlantic Relationship’, in D. Webber, (ed.) New Europe, New Germany, Old Foreign Policy: German Foreign Policy since Unification (London: Frank Cass and Co.). 14. Cowles, M. G., Caporaso, J. A. and Risse, T. (2001), Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press); Dyson, K. and Goetz, K. H. (eds) (2003), Germany, Europe and the Politics