University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2013 Perceptions of Poverty: The volutE ion of German Attitudes towards Social Welfare from 1830 to World War I Rebekah O'zell McMillan University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, Social History Commons, and the Social Welfare Commons Recommended Citation McMillan, Rebekah O'zell, "Perceptions of Poverty: The vE olution of German Attitudes towards Social Welfare from 1830 to World War I" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 922. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/922 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Perceptions of Poverty: The Evolution of German Attitudes towards Social Welfare from 1830 to World War I Perceptions of Poverty: The Evolution of German Attitudes towards Social Welfare from 1830 to World War I A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Rebekah O. McMillan Ouachita Baptist University Bachelor of Arts in History, 2009 Ouachita Baptist University Bachelor of Arts in Secondary Education, 2009 December 2013 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ________________________________________ Dr. Laurence Hare Thesis Director ________________________________________ Dr. Tricia Starks Committee Member ________________________________________ Dr. Thomas Goldstein Committee Member ABSTRACT Today's Western European countries have the world's most extensive government social welfare systems, beginning with Germany as the forerunner. Prior to the eventual 20th century German welfare state, Germany was not devoid of distributing aid to combat the effects of poverty. Religious and public benevolent institutions, several centuries earlier, managed local poverty, resulting in an interesting relationship between the German citizens and these charities. The willingness of these institutions to address the poverty issue opened the door for the 20th century German welfare state to emerge. This study examines the evolution of the attitudes towards poverty in nineteenth century Germany. Utilizing a longitudinal approach, this work demonstrates that perceptions people held toward poverty in turn shaped welfare policy. This work seeks to connect the changes in the perceptions towards poverty in the nineteenth century with the development of the welfare state in the twentieth century. Through a combination of the shifting political, social, and economic climate, the issue of poverty was at the forefront of the German mind from the 1830s to World War I. As the enormity of the problem of poverty developed so did the state’s acceptance of civic responsibility of caring for the poor, yet also in conjunction with private and religious charities. The state’s acceptance of the obligation to care for the poor allowed for the development of new management techniques with the tradition of private relief in mind. The reasoning behind and the various stages of the transformation of the perceptions towards poverty from the 1830s to World War I is the overarching goal of this work. ©2013 by Rebekah O. McMillan All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help of Dr. Laurence Hare. Thank you for your guidance and encouragement on this project. And for inspiring me to become a better historian. Also, special thanks to the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Tricia Starks and Dr. Thomas Goldstein. Your willingness to serve on my committee and insight you brought to helping my work is greatly valued. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, whose constant love, support, and belief in me has allowed me to achieve my goals. Thank you for your wonderful example, unfailing love, and support in all that I do. Also to my aunt, Susan Thornton, who has walked with and supported me through every step of this journey. I could not have made it through without you. Also, to the memory of my Papa E.P., who instilled within me from a young age a love of history. I hope that he would be proud of this accomplishment. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...2 II. HISTORIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………..9 III. POVERTY AND CHARITY TO 1830………………………………………………….29 IV. AGE OF PAUPERISM 1830s-1840s ……………………………………………………41 V. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE ELBERFED SYSTEM1850s-1880s ……………64 VI. BISMARCK’S SOCIAL INSURANCE 1880s………………………………………….72 VII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK 1890-WWI……………………………...79 VIII. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..86 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………..92 A. Primary Sources………………………………………………………………………92 B. Secondary Sources……………………………………………………………………94 1 I. INTRODUCTION In the first chapter of his classic study, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, Eric Auerbach reflected on the notion of fate. Writing from his new home in Istanbul, Auerbach hearkened back to the days of ancient Rome. His commentary on Petronius’ Satyricon noted the Roman resignation towards the “wholly extraordinary concatenation of events” lying beyond their control. One might be a wealthy landowner one day and the next a slave, but one can never predict or prepare. “[T]he instability of fortune,” he explained, “almost always appears as a fate which strikes from without and affects only a limited area, not as a fate which results from the inner processes of the real historical world.”1 Such observations must have resonated with Auerbach, who had been forced by the Nazis to surrender his teaching position in Marburg and flee his homeland in the 1930s. Auerbach thus entered his own unique variant of an all-too-common German experience. Like so many other Germans of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Auerbach found himself trapped in the throes of fate and standing at the mercy of rapidly changing times. And hovering ominously above the sense of dislocation and uncertainty, as it did for the Romans of his “Fortunata,” was the specter of poverty. What makes Auerbach such an interesting point of departure for the present study is the degree to which his account of the Satyricon conveys an idea that may have seen surprisingly foreign for his contemporaries. The future, of course, remained a concern in the early twentieth century, and the fear of impoverishment all too real. But the vagaries of fate had become increasingly remote in a modern age of technology, material wealth, and the belief in progress. In contrast to Roman stoicism, the unemployed and impoverished of modern Germany could cast 1 Eric Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western LIterature, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 28-9. 2 blame to their own environs. As one worker shouted in a heated meeting of workers in Berlin, “If we still had the same worldview as our ancestors, we would see unemployment as a form of punishment…. Times have changed … today it is the negative economic effects of contemporary society and above all the elevated rates of unemployment.”2 Fate, as these workers understood it, had a face. One could cast about and find its roots. But others looked within, at the inborn abilities of individuals as measures of those who might fail or succeed. And still others questioned the motivations and spirit of those fallen into poverty. Auerbach thus captured a lost perspective, which for us reanimates a debate on the meaning and causes of poverty that had gripped Germany during its slow march to modernity in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This study examines the evolution of the attitudes towards poverty in nineteenth century Germany. Utilizing a longitudinal approach, this work seeks to connect the changes in the perceptions towards poverty in the nineteenth century with the development of the welfare state in the twentieth century. In essence, the perceptions that people held toward poverty in turn shaped welfare policy. The 1830s, the point at which this study begins, marks a caesura in the history of poverty. The initiation of this break arose from the intersection of several changes. Through a combination of the shifting political, social, and economic climate, the issue of poverty reached a massive scale within Germany in the 1830s and 1840s. The enormity of the problem of poverty developed at a point where the state began accepting the civic responsibility of caring for the poor, yet also in conjunction with private charities such as churches. However, the state’s acceptance of the obligation to care for the poor allowed for the development of new management techniques with this in mind. The reasoning behind and the various stages of the 2 George, Steinmetz, Regulating the social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 203. 3 transformation of individual’s perception toward poverty from the 1830s to World War I is the overarching goal of this work. During the nineteenth century, the concept of poverty assumed a prominent place in the German mind. Heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas, the causes and solutions to the problem of poverty evolved in the nineteenth century. For many centuries, the perception surrounding poverty remained relatively unchanged, along with those who were responsible for caring and managing the poor. Traditionally the responsibility fell to the family of the poor and to the church. With this traditional management in place, it allowed for the criteria of determining who was poor to remain limited. Yet as the changes of the nineteenth century began to impact individuals, the concept of poverty became part of an intense dynamic. This dynamic encompassed defining who and what conditions characterized those who suffered from poverty, where responsibility lay, and which techniques were effective in combating the problem. Additionally, a key component to this dynamic was the conversation initiated on what it signified to be poor.