TAXON: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Durand & H. Durand Taxon: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand & H. Durand Family: Apocynaceae Common Name(s): akuamma Synonym(s): Picralima klaineana Pierre ashanti Picralima macrocarpa A.Chev. [Invalid] obéro Tabernaemontana nitida Stapf Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 Apr 2016 WRA Score: -1.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Toxic, Unarmed, Shade-Tolerant, Fleshy-Fruited Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 25 Apr 2016 (Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Page 1 of 14 Durand & H. Durand) TAXON: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Durand & H. Durand Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 25 Apr 2016 (Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Page 2 of 14 Durand & H. Durand) TAXON: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Durand & H. Durand Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant [No evidence of domestication] "Picralima nitida occurs from Côte Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. d͛Ivoire east to Uganda and south to DR Congo and Cabinda PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands (Angola)." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant "Picralima nitida occurs from Côte d͛Ivoire east to Uganda and south Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. to DR Congo and Cabinda (Angola)." PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant "Picralima nitida is an understorey tree in rainforest, also in mature Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. secondary forest and semi deciduous forest along river banks, up to PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 900 m altitude." Creation Date: 25 Apr 2016 (Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Page 3 of 14 Durand & H. Durand) TAXON: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Durand & H. Durand Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant "Picralima nitida occurs from Côte d͛Ivoire east to Uganda and south Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. to DR Congo and Cabinda (Angola)." PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication No evidence of widespread cultivation outside native range 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia Creation Date: 25 Apr 2016 (Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Page 4 of 14 Durand & H. Durand) TAXON: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Durand & H. Durand Qsn # Question Answer 305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes Leistner, O. A. (2005). Seed plants of southern tropical "Monotypic genus: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. & H.Durand, trop. Africa: families and genera. South African National Africa; sthn trop. Afr.: Angola (Cabinda)." Biodiversity Institute, Report No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Shrub or tree up to 35 m tall, with white latex in all parts, glabrous; bole up to 60 cm in diameter; bark hard, brittle, pale Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant to dark greyish black or brown, smooth to slightly rough or finely Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. striped. Leaves opposite, simple and entire; stipules absent; petiole PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands ϭʹϮcm long; blade elliptical to oblong, ;ϱʹͿϭϬʹϮϲcm × Ϯʹϭϯcm, base cuneate, apex abruptly acuminate, thickly papery to thinly leathery, pinnately veined with ϭϰʹϮϯpairs of lateral veins." 402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication Unknown 403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. "Shrub or tree up to 35 m tall" [Apocynaceae. No evidence] PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals n Source(s) Notes "The bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is the largest forest-dwelling Klaus-Hügi, C., Klaus, G., Schmid, B., & König, B. (1999). antelope of Africa." ... "Table 1 List of plants eaten by bongos, their Feeding ecology of a large social antelope in the relative availability, relative use in diet and Ivlev's index of selectivity rainforest. Oecologia, 119(1), 81-90 (for definition see Methods) in the Dzanga National Park, Central African Republic." [Includes Picralima nitida] 405 Toxic to animals Source(s) Notes Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Eds.). 2008. Plant "Acute toxicity tests in rats showed a dose-dependent acute Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1). Medicinal Plants 1. intraperitoneal toxicity." PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands Creation Date: 25 Apr 2016 (Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Page 5 of 14 Durand & H. Durand) TAXON: Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk Durand & H. Durand Qsn # Question Answer Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. 2016. Medicinal and "The seeds have medicinal uses. Should be used only with the Ethobotanical Plants. direction of an experienced herbalist or physician. Prolonged use http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/medicinal.html.