Index abyssal hills and ridge deposits, Peru Basin, 154 Krivoy Rog basin, 73 abyssal nodules, Pacific, 126, 132, 140, 187 Orissa, 119, 120 abyssal plain deposits, Pacific, 124, 125, 190, 192 Pacific, 132, 192, 193 accretion rate Peru Basin, 168, 169 of nodules, Peru basin, 153, 167, 174 Astarte, ferromanganese deposits on, 223,225 see also growth rates; sedimentation rates asymmetric growth of nodules, 173, 174 acidic fluids, leaching by, Kato Nevrokopi, 278, 279 asymmetric rhythms, 73 acidic soil, effects of, 14, 23 atmosphere, 5 14, 17, 19, 29, 33, 34, 36 acmite, 330 climate and, 84 active tectonic environment deposits, 5 early, 91 Pacific, 124, 125, 129 evolution, 10-13 northwest, 180, 183, 195-6 manganese depositon and, 15 South, 140 primitive, Archaean, 11, 100-1 adsorption capacity, 319, 320, 321 atmospheric inputs to oceans, 31 adsorption of metals see metal adsorption on manganese oxides Ba-Mn-Mg micas, 329 adsorption series, 312, 315, 322, 324 Bababudan Group, 91, 92 Aitutaki-Jarvis Transect, manganese nodules, 145-9, back-arc deposits, 7 125, 180, 181, 183, 195, 196, 199 166 bacteria activity, Hokkaido, 286, 287 Akan-Yunotaki deposits, 283, 284, 286-7, 288, 289, bacterial oxidation, 34, 221 290, 291,292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298 Baltic Sea, 70, 71, 73, 74, 213-18, 227 alabandite, 7 ferromanganese concretions, 214, 218-31 Albian, Late, deposits, 21-2 pollution, 214, 227, 230 algae banded iron formations, 14, 16, 17, 18, 61 Hokkaido, 291,293, 295 Archaean, 100 oxidation of ferrous iron by, 29, 34 Dharwar Craton, 92, 95, 98 alkali amphiboles, 330 formation, rate determining step, 29 aluminium (A1), 23 Krivoy Rog basin, see under Krivoy Rog basin Deception Island, 248, 249 Krivoy Rog Supergroup, 45, 50, 51, 64, 65, 66, 67 Indian Ocean, 202-3, 204-5 manganese in, 31-2, 36, 63-4, 75, 100 Kato Nevrokopi, 273, 277, 279, 345 origin, 32-4, 35 Krivoy Rog basin, 61, 63 Palaeoproterozoic, 43 Orissa, 119 precipitation mechanisms, 101 Pacific, 131, 132, 183, 188, 190, 191 Proterozoic, 29, 30, 31-6 aluminosilicates, Krivoy Rog Supergroup, 65-6 banding and cyclicity, 50-61, 67 amphiboles, 328, 330, 334 barium (Ba), 8 10 anaerobic ocean waters, 29, 35 adsorption, 311 anoxic atmospheres, 85, 101 Baltic Sea, 219, 224 anoxic events, 12, 13, 19 Calatrava Region, 256 anoxic waters, 16, 17, 119, 120, 187 Deception Island, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250 Baltic Sea, 216, 217 Dharwar Craton, 98 dissolved elements in, 13-14, 15-16, 17, 19, 20, 22, Kato Nevrokopi, 271,273, 274, 277, 278, 279 34, 35, 69 Krivoy Rog basin, 49, 51, 70, 73 hydrothermal deposits related to, 187 Pacific, 129, 131, 132, 133 precipitation from, 29, 34, 35, 119 northwwest, 182, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 196 anoxic/suboxic diagenesis, 7 Peru Basin, 168, 169 Antarctic Bottom Water, 142 precipitation, 87 anthropogenic pollution, Baltic Sea, 214, 230 basin nodules antimony (Sb)), 261,288, 289 northwest Pacific, 186 Archaean, 13, 35 Peru Basin, 167, 173, 174 atmospheres, 12, 100-1 basin-centred volcanism, 18 banded iron formations, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45, 66, 69 battery grade manganese oxides, 265 deposits, 11, 14-15, 48, 49, 51, 97, 114 bean-shaped concretions, 220, 222 hydrothermal activity, 30-1, 36 Belt Sea, 214, 215, 216, 231 see also Dharwar Craton, Archaean greenstone belt benthic organisms, 157, 173, 174 formations and deposits benthic release, 70, 71, 73, 74 Arkona Basin, 214, 216, 218 beryllium (Be), Calatrava Region, 257 arsenic (As), 31, 134 bicarbonate complex, transport by, 279 adsorption, 310 bicarbonate degradation, 23 Calatrava Region, 261 biochemical mediation, 19 Deception Island, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250 biogenic lifting, 172-3, 174 Hokkaido, 288, 289 biogenic minerals, South Pacific, 149, 150 Kato Nevrokopi, 274, 277 biogenic processes, Archaean, 97, 101 358 INDEX biological productivity, Pacific, 129, 130, 142, 143, 146, cadmium (Cd) 149, 150 adsorption, 310, 311,312, 313-24 biological reduction of sulphate, 35 Baltic Sea, 217-18, 230 bioproduction, 71 Pacific Ocean, 132, 133, 139, 183, 189, 192, 193, 196 bioturbation, 166, 172, 173 caesium (Cs), 51 Birimian Supergroup, 16, 17 Calatrava Region, 34, 253-5 birnessite, 19, 310, 344 Co-rich manganese mineralization, 254, 255-63 adsorption by, 312 calcite compensation depth (CCD) Baltic Sea, 221 Peru Basin, 166-7, 171, 172, 173, 174 Calatrava Region, 256, 258, 259, 263 South Pacific, 141, 142, 144, 146, 148, 149 Hokkaido, 283, 291,292, 293, 294-5, 296, 297 calcium (Ca) Kato Nevrokopi, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272, 275, adsorption, 310, 311,312 277, 279, 345 Deception Island, 248, 249 Pacific, 128, 130, 183 fractionation, 330 Penganga Group, 108 Hokkaido, 283, 288, 289, 293 Peru Basin, 164, 171, 172 Indian Ocean, 202-3 structure, 295 Kato Nevrokopi, 270, 271,273, 274, 277, 278, 279, birnessite/rancieite series, 339, 343 345, 346 bismuth (Bi), South Pacific, 139 Krivoy Rog basin, 61 bixbyite, 7 16, 17, 19, 24 Pacific Ocean, 119, 131,132, 183, 186, 187, 188, 190, Orissa, 118, 119 191 Penganga Group, 108 Peru Basin, 168, 169 phase relations, 328, 329, 332, 333 calderite-andradite garnet, 329 Black Sea, 13, 70, 73 'canutillos', Calatrava Region, 259 black shale deposition, 13 carbon, derivation, 23 Blue Jay hydrothermal deposits, 6 7, 8 carbon dioxide, 11, 12, 13, 19, 72, 73, 87 blue-green algae, 29, 34 benthic release, 73 bog deposits, 30, 263, 284, 287 bioproduction related to, 71 Bonin, arcs, 178, 181, 183 climate related to, 10, 12, 84 Boreal region, 227-8 from organic matter, 94, 97 Bornholm Basin, 214, 216, 218, 231 carbon isotope data, 22, 64, 95 boron (B), northwest Pacific, 190, 191 carbonates, seawater precipitation, 12 Bothnian Bay, 21,214, 215, 216, 217, 218, caryopilite, 329, 332 219, 231 Casco Formation, 240, 243 Bothnian Sea, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 226, 231 CaSiO3-FeSiO3-MnSiO3 systems, 331 bottom transport, 19, 20 CaSiO3-MnSiO3-MgSiO3 systems, 331 bottom waters, precipitation in, 74 cation exchange, 269-71,274, 277, 278 braunite, 7 15, 16, 17, 19, 24, 330 in rancieite, 339, 343-4 Dharwar Craton, 94 in todorokite, 256 Orissa, 118, 119 cauliflower-shaped nodules, Peru Basin, 162 Penganga Group, 108 CdOH +, 311 phase relations, 328, 329-30, 332, 333 Ce anomaly, 6 10, 18 braunite-bixbyite geothermometer, 334 Baltic Sea, 219, 220 Breitgrund, 223, 225 Dharwar Craton, 100 broom effect, 19, 20, 23 Hokkaido, 296, 297-8 Buckeye, hydrothermal deposits, 6 7, 9 Indian Ocean, 204, 206, 207, 208 buoyant plumes, in dispersal of manganese, 13 Krivoy Rog basin, 50, 69 buried concretions, Baltic Sea, 217, 221,231 Pacific, 131, 133, 186, 187, 194 buried nodules cements, 124, 125 northwest Pacific, 180 Cenomanian deposits, 22 Peru Basin, 162-3, 164, 166, 172, 173, 174 Cenozoic burrowing organisms, Peru Basin, 173, 174 atmospheric composition, 12 buserite deposits, 24, 29 Cu-Ni poor, 196 Central India Ridge, 200, 201 Cu-Ni rich, 183 Central Indian Basin, 204, 206, 208 Pacific, 128, 140, 182, 183, 186, 196 cerium (Ce) bustamite, 7 Indian Ocean, 204, 206, 208 phase relations, 328, 330, 331 Krivoy Rog basin, 49 Pacific, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 192, 193 613C anomaly, 35 Peru Basin, 171 613C values, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 64 see also Ce anomaly Dharwar Craton, 95, 97, 101 Chacao Formation, 240, 243 Ca-Mg carbonate, Krivoy Rog basin, 64 chalcophanite, Kato Nevrokopi, 266, 267, 268, 269, Ca-rhodochrosite, 17, 217, 221,222, 227 272, 274, 275, 277, 279, 345 INDEX 359 Chanda Limestone Formation, 107, 108, 113 concave, 220 chemical composition of minerals spheroidal, 220 Calatrava, 256, 257, 259, 262 continental breakup, deposition related to, 83, 84, 85, Deception Island, 245, 246 86 Dharwar Craton, 96, 98 continental deposits, 7 Kato Nevrokopi, 273, 275, 276, 343 continental margins deposits, 7 23, 125, 131, 140 Krivoy Rog basin, 50, 51, 52, 59, 63, 64 continental shelf deposits, 17, 19, 20 Peru, 168 converging plate boundary deposits, 7 chemical sedimentation, 98 copper (Cu), 6 8, 9 10, 31 chemogenic metasediments, Krivoy Rog Supergroup, adsorption, 310, 311,312, 313-24 50-66 Baltic Sea, 217-18, 219, 223, 230 chert-manganese oxide deposits, Penganga group, Calatrava Region, 257, 259, 261 114 Deception Island, 245, 246 Chiatura deposits, 21, 22 Dharwar Craton, 98 chimneys, 124, 125 Hokkaido, 288, 289, 295, 297 Chitradurga Group, 14, 15, 114 Indian Ocean, 201,202, 203, 204, 205, 206 Chitradurga schist belt, 91, 92, 93, 101 Kato Nevrokopi, 274, 278 chromium (Cr) Krivoy Rog basin, 49, 51, 63, 73 adsorption, 312 Orissa, 119, 120 Baltic Sea, 223 Pacific, 129, 132, 133, 136 Calatrava Region, 256, 257 northwest, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, Deception Island, 245, 246 191, 194, 195, 196 Dharwar Craton, 98, 99 South, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150 Hokkaido, 288, 289 Peru Basin, 153, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Krivoy Rog basin, 49, 51, 63, 67 coronadite, 22 Pacific, 131, 132, 133, 136, 192, 193 crabs, ferromanganese coatings, 223 Chuos Formation, 18 Cretaceous deposits, 6 8, 9 10, 21, 87, 177, 180 Clarion-Clipperton Zone, 124, 129, 149, 171,173, 174 Cretaceous-Oligocene limestones, northwest Pacific, classification of sediments, 327 187 climate, 84 crusts, 124, 177 effects of, 14, 17-18, 23, 88, 174 Baltic Sea, 219, 220-1,222 clinopyroxenes, 328, 330, 331,334 formation, 304 closed basins, 74, 187-8 model for, 135 Co-rich manganese mineralization, Calatrava Region, Indian Ocean, 206, 207, 208 255-63 Pacific, 125, 127, 129-33, 134, 135 Co/Zn, ratios Indian Ocean, 202-3, 205-6, 208 northwest, 180, 183, 184, 187, 196 coastal deposits, 14, 23 Peru Basin, 154, 172 coated talus, northwest Pacific, 187 Rodriguez Triple