Economic Planning Unit UTU BERSEK Prime Minister’s Department GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA Study for the Sustainable Development of the Highlands of Peninsular Malaysia Final Report Volume II Main Report (Part 1) Supported by : Prepared by : C United Nations WWF Malaysia R Development Programme September 2002 Study for the Sustainable Development of the Highlands of Peninsular Malaysia Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I Executive Summary Volume II Main Report (Part 1) Table of Contents.......................................................................................................i List of Tables............................................................................................................ix List of Figures .........................................................................................................xii List of Abbreviations............................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background............................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Study Objectives.................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Study Area............................................................................................. 1-2 1.4 Study Approach...................................................................................... 1-3 1.5 Data Sourcing And Gaps........................................................................ 1-4 1.6 Stakeholder Consultation ....................................................................... 1-8 1.7 Format Of The Report.......................................................................... 1-10 Chapter 2 Guiding Principles and Policies 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Definition of Highlands, Hills and Mountains........................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Problems with Definitions of Highlands .................................................. 2-2 2.2.2 Review Of Existing Definitions................................................................ 2-2 2.2.3 Definitions Used in this Study................................................................. 2-5 2.3 Sustainable Development of the Highlands.......................................... 2-10 2.4 Policies Relevant To The Highlands..................................................... 2-11 2.5 Sustainable Tourism in the Highlands .................................................. 2-13 2.5.1 Principles ............................................................................................. 2-13 2.5.2 Policies ................................................................................................ 2-14 2.6 Sustainable Agriculture in the Highlands .............................................. 2-15 2.6.1 Rationale.............................................................................................. 2-15 2.6.2 Policies ................................................................................................ 2-16 2.7 Forests and Biodiversity....................................................................... 2-16 2.7.1 Sustainable development rationales..................................................... 2-17 2.7.2 Constitutional and legal provisions ....................................................... 2-17 2.8 Sustainable Human Settlements .......................................................... 2-19 WWF Malaysia i September 2002 Study for the Sustainable Development of the Highlands of Peninsular Malaysia Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 3 The Main Range Environment 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 3-1 3.2 Physical Environment............................................................................. 3-2 3.2.1 Topography............................................................................................ 3-2 3.2.2 Geology ................................................................................................. 3-4 3.2.3 Soils....................................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.4 Climate................................................................................................... 3-8 3.2.4.1 Temperature .......................................................................................... 3-8 3.2.4.2 Humidity and evaporation....................................................................... 3-9 3.2.4.3 Rainfall................................................................................................... 3-9 3.2.4.4 Sunshine and solar radiation................................................................ 3-10 3.2.4.5 Surface wind ........................................................................................ 3-10 3.2.5 Hydrology and Water Resources.......................................................... 3-11 3.2.5.1 River systems ...................................................................................... 3-11 3.2.5.2 River water quality................................................................................ 3-14 3.2.6 Water supply........................................................................................ 3-21 3.2.6.1 Existing water supply dams.................................................................. 3-21 3.2.6.2 Proposed water supply dams ............................................................... 3-23 3.2.7 Hydropower development .................................................................... 3-29 3.2.7.1 Existing hydropower plants .................................................................. 3-30 3.2.7.2 Hydro power potential .......................................................................... 3-32 3.2.8 Mineral Resources ............................................................................... 3-32 3.2.8.1 Metallic minerals .................................................................................. 3-32 3.2.8.2 Non-metallic minerals........................................................................... 3-33 3.3 Forests And Biodiversity....................................................................... 3-36 3.3.1 Forests Cover ...................................................................................... 3-36 3.3.2 Forest Types in the Main Range .......................................................... 3-38 3.3.3 Forest Management............................................................................. 3-41 3.3.3.1 Forest resource development............................................................... 3-42 3.3.3.2 Logging................................................................................................ 3-43 3.3.3.3 Harvesting area since 1990.................................................................. 3-44 3.3.4 Flora Diversity in the Highlands............................................................ 3-49 3.3.5 Wildlife ................................................................................................. 3-52 3.3.5.1 Wildlife reserves and protected areas .................................................. 3-52 3.3.5.2 Wildlife habitats of the Main Range ...................................................... 3-53 3.3.5.3 Species................................................................................................ 3-54 3.4 Socio-Economic Environment .............................................................. 3-69 3.4.1 Population............................................................................................ 3-69 3.4.1.1 Pahang ................................................................................................ 3-69 3.4.1.2 Kelantan............................................................................................... 3-72 3.4.1.3 Perak ................................................................................................... 3-73 3.4.1.4 Negeri Sembilan................................................................................... 3-73 3.4.1.5 Selangor .............................................................................................. 3-73 3.4.1.6 Orang Asli Communities....................................................................... 3-74 3.4.2 Employment......................................................................................... 3-76 3.4.2.1 Cameron Highlands ............................................................................. 3-76 3.4.2.2 Lojing ................................................................................................... 3-77 3.4.2.3 Kinta Highlands.................................................................................... 3-77 WWF Malaysia ii September 2002 Study for the Sustainable Development of the Highlands of Peninsular Malaysia Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.4.2.4 Fraser's Hill .......................................................................................... 3-78 3.4.2.5 Genting Highlands................................................................................ 3-78 3.4.2.6 Bukit Tinggi .......................................................................................... 3-79 3.4.2.7 Janda Baik ........................................................................................... 3-80 3.4.2.8 Belum..................................................................................................