Border Orientation Paper Romania-Bulgaria Page 1 of 21 1. INTRODUCTION This document sets out key characteristics of the cross-border region between Romania and Bulgaria and outlines options and orientations for the programming of the next Interreg programme along this border. It is part of a series of similar papers prepared by DG REGIO for all EU land borders (and borders with Norway and Switzerland). The objective of this paper is to serve as a basis for a constructive dialogue both within cross- border regions and with the European Commission for the 2021-2017 Romania-Bulgaria Interreg cross-border cooperation programme. The paper is based for a large part on objective information stemming from three studies commissioned by DG REGIO: “Border needs study” (“Collecting solid evidence to assess the needs to be addressed by Interreg cross-border cooperation programmes”) conducted in 2016; “Easing legal and administrative obstacles in EU border regions” conducted in 2015- 16; and “Comprehensive analysis of the existing cross-border transport connections and missing links on the internal EU borders” conducted in 2017-18. In addition, many data sources available at European level were also used to describe certain aspects socio-economic and territorial development. A full list of information sources is provided in annex. Cross-border cooperation is much broader than Interreg programmes. The objective is to facilitate cross-border cooperation by reducing remaining persisting obstacles to cross-border activities and linkages as outlined in the 2017 Communication on Boosting Growth and Cohesion in EU Border Regions. The instruments available are not only the funds (in particular Interreg and other European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) programmes which may invest in cooperation), but also European and national legal instruments (European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), regional agreements (e.g. in the Benelux and the Nordic countries), bi-lateral agreements, etc.) as well as a number of policies e.g. on labour mobility, transport, health, etc. The Interreg programmes should therefore not only aim to fund projects but should also seek to reduce cross-border obstacles. To do so, the legislative proposal on Interreg foresees that part of the budget is dedicated to cross-border governance (including capacity building and contribution to the macro-regional/sea-basin strategies). That is why this paper goes beyond the traditional activities of Interreg programmes (funding projects) and also covers governance issues (reducing cross-border obstacles). On this, the roles of the programmes are: (a) to initiate the work on the obstacles (e.g. the members of the Monitoring Committee could contact the relevant public authorities and stakeholders); (b) to facilitate the work (by funding working groups as well as possible studies and pilot projects); and (c) to contribute to this work (providing input from the wide knowledge gained in past programming periods). Whilst the budget is limited, the impact can be important as the actions concerned will have a limited cost (meetings, studies, pilot projects, etc.) but structural effects. Page 2 of 21 2. ANALYSIS OF THE BORDER AREA The border between Romania and Bulgaria is in European terms a very long border stretching over 630 km. One of its main features is that it is for its largest part made of the Danube River (470 km) which over its entire common length only has two fixed links, the Friendship Bridge between Ruse and Giurgiu and the New Europe Bridge between Vidin and Calafat. Of the 14 districts along the border, only one in Bulgaria (Dobrich) and one in Romania (Constanţa) are connected by land. The rest are separated by the Danube. The cross-border area is very rural in nature. Land use is largely agricultural. There are also significant forests and water bodies. There are many natural sites on both sides of the border with a rich biodiversity (many Natura 2000 and Ramsar sites). The cross-border region counts more than 4 million inhabitants, with 2/3 located in Romania and 1/3 in Bulgaria (based on the current geography of the CBC programme). The demographic trend in the region indicates a continuous decline over recent years with both natural ageing and net emigration taking their toll. The economic performance of the cross-border region is well below the EU average, with all regions below 50% of the average. However, the region has experienced a positive GDP growth of around 5% over the 2007-2015 period. The region was for several decades on the Eastern side of the Iron Curtain when cross-border links were very limited. Since the early 1990s, the political situation has radically changed and contacts between the populations on both sides have increased steadily. However, the level of interaction and population flows cannot be compared with that in more integrated border regions in Western Europe – a combination of limited physical access and historical isolation means that cooperation levels start from a relatively low base. When it comes to cross-border cooperation activities financed by the European Union via the Interreg programmes, cooperation is also in its infancy compared to other parts of the EU. Both Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007 and the programming 2007-2013 period was the first for them. The current programme is only the second one to be implemented. So far, programme implementation has been satisfactory, many projects – both hard and soft - have been successfully completed in particular in green tourism and environmental protection, improved road access to Danube crossing points, education. Only limited progress has been achieved on Danube navigability. Although both Romania and Bulgaria meet the technical requirements to join the Schengen Area, neither has acceded to it yet. There are virtually no well-established, stable institutional cross-border cooperation structures or bodies in the cross-border region. The two sides of the border use different languages which belong to two different linguistic families (Latin and Slavic). There is no bi-lingualism to speak of. Page 3 of 21 3. TERRITORIAL DIMENSION 1. The cross-border region is primarily rural with few major urban centres – the biggest urban centres directly on the Danube being Ruse (140,000), Vidin (56,000) and Silistra (35,000) on the Bulgarian side, Calarasi (65,000) and Giurgiu (55,000) on the Romanian side. There are other important urban centres in the cross-border region but they are located further away from the border: Pleven (107,000), Montana (90,000), Dobrich (90,000) and Veliko Tarnovo (73,000) in Bulgaria, Constanţa (300,000), Craiova (243,000), Dobreţa-Turnu Severin (92,000) and Alexandria (42,000) in Romania. 2. The Danube River is a real factor of discontinuity, although in certain sectors it offers opportunities for sustainable socio-economic development. The map below highlights the accessibility issues for certain parts of the cross-border region and clearly identifies those areas which are less affected, because of existing links (either bridges or ferries). From the Western part of the border to the eastward area where the Danube ceases to form the national border between the two countries, there are 6 clearly identified zones where access to the other side of the border takes 30 minutes or less. The Eastern part of the border is land-based, which has a clearly positive effect on connectivity. 3. For the 2021-2027 CBC programme, the cross-border region should not be strictly limited to the administrative boundaries of the NUTS3 areas along the border but should have a flexible geography depending on the topic concerned. This is the notion of functional area. Page 4 of 21 4. For certain topics, solutions can only be found if partners outside the programme area are involved (e.g. to reduce flood risks, you may need to reintroduce wetlands or dams upstream of a river but outside the programme area; to establish cross-border rail links you may need to involve national train companies, ministries, etc.). For other topics, solutions are purely local, corresponding to an area much smaller than the programme (e.g. a bus line between urban centres close to the border). 5. This shows that problem-solving should be based on functional areas rather than on administrative boundaries defining the programme area. What matters is that the projects benefit the cross-border area and its citizens. 6. Based on these considerations and on the findings highlighted in the driving time map above, the programme should consider how it can promote further territorial integration in those areas where access is less problematic. 7. For instance, "twin towns" along the banks of the river Danube offer potential for cross- border interaction via labour mobility, joint education or business support services. Currently, only the towns of Ruse and Giurgiu seem to have developed strong connections based on a shared vision of their future. The presence of the main Danube Bridge linking the two towns has contributed to this. Building on this, it could prove very useful to implement an integrated vision for socio-economic and territorial development in Ruse-Giurgiu, including the provision of common public services to their populations. The ITI tool offered in the EC regulations could be an appropriate instrument for this purpose, all the more so as it allows a multi-fund approach whereby ERDF and ESF contributions can be combined. Similar opportunities might exist between Vidin and Calafat or between Silistra and Calarasi. 8. Romania and Bulgaria also share a coastal region along the Black Sea. Although Black Sea cooperation is supported by multi-lateral agreements and by the Black Sea ENI CBC programme, the joint coastal zone in Bulgaria and Romania would benefit from specific activities and investments that promote and implement Integrated Coastal Zone Management at bi-lateral level.