In Silico and In Vitro Testing Resources Alcyomics, Ltd., offers in vitro human-based pre-clinical drug safety testing. It manufactures SkimuneTM (human skin explants for safety and efficacy testing) and offers immunogenicity services, efficacy testing of immunomodulators, hypersensitivity testing, potency assessment, cellular and cytokine assays and safety assessment services. AllCells, LLC, offers more than 150 primary cell types and related RNA and cDNA from normal and disease-state tissues.Cell types include stem cells (progenitor, CD34+, etc.), hematopoietic, human hematologic disease, endothelial, dendritic, HUVEC cells and many others. It also offers services such as drug discovery, device validation, flow cytometry and cell sorting, tissue culture protein analysis and genotyping as well as stem cell and immune assays. Alternative Toxicity Services offers high-content screening for evidence-based acute general toxicity and neurotoxicity. APSciences, Inc., offers Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC) technology, which is an in vitro model consisting of multiple, inner wells within a larger interconnecting chamber. It is based on the concept that the multiple organs in a human (or other animal) are physically separated but interconnected by the systemic circulation (i.e., blood). IdMOC can be used to evaluate drug toxicity, drug metabolism and drug distribution as well as anti-cancer drugs for cytotoxicity, efficacy and mechanism of action. Asterand, PLC, provides high quality, well characterised human tissue through its worldwide network of 75 active collaborative donor institutions and human tissue-based research solutions to drug discovery scientists. It also provides a collaborative scientific approach to deliver human tissue-based data ontarget and biomarker validationas well ascompound potency, effect and safety. Attagene, Inc., offers unique screening services for the evaluation of biological activities and prediction of potential toxicities of pharmaceuticals, agricultural and industrial chemicals, cosmetics and nanomaterials.Using its proprietary pathway profiling platform, the FACTORIAL™, Attagene has developed a suit of bioassays that assess the impact of a compound on activities of over 90 gene regulatory pathways and all 48 human nuclear receptors. AvantiCell Science, Ltd., offers medium- to high-throughput cell-based screening on a range of cell types with relevance to human disease, nutrition and well being. Services include cell-based screening, natural products and traditional medicines service, lead development assays, customised assay development and contract research and development. AxioMx specialises in recombinant antibody discovery and development. Recombinant antibodies can be used in the same applications as traditional antibodies but have numerous advantages such as being human-based (allowing for the use in therapeutic applications) and allowing for the generation of unstable, toxic, immunosuppressant, or non-immunogenic antigens. AxioMx’s synthetic recombinant antibody libraries contain more than ten billion unique clones. BIOalternatives is a contract facility that specialises in cellular and molecular pharmacology and provides in vitro testing services to the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and nutrition industries. Biopta, Ltd., provides customised testing services for the pharmaceutical industry using fresh, functional human tissues. Human tissues are obtained from surgeries, biopsies and transplants and may be sourced from healthy patients or those with diseases such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BioScience Laboratories, Inc., is a testing laboratory that conducts investigative studies for both standard and customised in vitro and clinical studies. It offers testing for topical antimicrobial products, disinfectants, wound care, medical devices, cosmetics and personal care products. BioSeek is a drug discovery services company that applies human primary cell assays and predictive disease models to the discovery and development of human therapeutics and safer chemicals. Its BioMAP®platform uses human primary cells and co-cultures to deliver physiologically relevant insights about a test compound. Bioskin is a contract research organisation specialising in dermatology studies. It conducts clinical trials for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, food supplements and cosmetics. BioTeSys GmbH provides chemical analysis, clinical trials and in vitro analysis for sectors such as the food industry, cosmetics and consumer healthcare. Biotox, SRL, provides scientific and project management services related to toxicology, chemicals safety assessment and alternative methods to animal testing. Areas of consultancy include toxicology risk assessment and in vitro methods, REACH support and European Union representation and lobbying. Celentyx, Ltd., offers the Immuno-Profiling™ platform for rapid analysis of drug action on physiological and pathological human immune tissues and cells. It also offers NCIP™, which allows for rapid analysis of drug action on human immune tissues and cells to predict potential therapeutic utility in a number of conditions (e.g., inflammation, autoimmune disease, allergy, prevention of graft rejection, lymphoma and leukaemia). Cellasys GmbH offers system solutions for real-time analysis of living cells, including various lab-on-a- chip technologies to monitor parameters such as cellular viability, pH, temperature and oxygen. Testing services include drug testing, environmental monitoring, food testing, chemical risk assessment and research on diabetes, nutrition and biofuels. CellSystems Biotechnologie Vertrieb GmbH develops and produces primary cell culture systems, stem cell culture systems, three-dimensional cell culture models and three-dimensional human skin models (epiCS) for regulatory toxicology and research purposes. epiCS (previously known as EST-1000) is an epidermal model that can be used for regulatory toxicity testing (OECD TG 439). CellSystems also offers a wide range of services, including contract research, in vitro assay development and in vitro toxicological testing. Cellular Dynamics manufactures human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and custom iPSCs and iCell® products. The products can be used for drug discovery and screening, testing the safety and efficacy of small molecule and biologic drug candidates, stem cell banking and researching cellular therapeutics. Centrillion Biosciences provides sequencing, high-throughput genotyping, and bioinformatics services. Cerep offers more than 630 validated in vitro pharmacological assays that cover a broad range of targets, including receptors, ion channels, transporters, enzymes and second messengers, customised assay development service and large-scale profiling using the Bioprint® database. ClinWorld provides in vitro pre-clinical research and testing for evaluating toxicity (including dermal, ocular, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies) and efficacy. CN Bio Innovations, Ltd., provides human biomimetic platforms for the testing and development of therapeutics for serious human diseases, including the LiverChipTM multi-well three-dimensional liver cell co-culture. Corning Life Sciences provides in vitro drug-drug interaction testing and ADME services, including enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition and transporter interaction testing. Cultex® Laboratories provides in vitro toxicological analysis of airborne substances, such as gases, particles, volatile compounds and complex gas mixtures at the air-liquid interface to simulate realistic atmospheric conditions (indoor and outdoor). Cutest Systems, Ltd., produces customised safety and efficacy dermatological tests for cosmetics, toiletries, over-the-counter preparations and dermatological products, with innovative capabilities in protocol design and clinical trial execution. Cyprotex provides high-throughput ADME screening and customised ADME assays, in silico pharmacokinetics modelling, in vitro toxicology, endocrine disruption services, personal care and cosmetics industry services, chemical industry services, integrated drug discovery services and physicochemical profiling services. One in vitro skin sensitisation assay offered in-house is the SenCeeTox assay, which incorporates MatTek’s EpiDerm tissue and can therefore be used to test insoluble substances and finished cosmetics products (e.g., solids, polar and nonpolar medical device extracts, gels and creams). Cytox provides biological testing of medical devices, cosmetics, textiles, laquers and consumer products. Tests include cytotoxicity tests, skin irritation tests, epithelial tissue cultures, use of luminescent bacteria and photometry/ELISA applications. Dermal Technology Laboratory, Ltd., conducts percutaneous dermal absorption studies (OECD TG 428) that are needed as part of the safety testing of new and existing chemicals, agrochemicals, personal care and pharmaceutical products. The company is also involved with the research and development of new products aimed at improving the delivery of drugs into and through the skin using novel formulation technology, such as the in vitro epidermis screening test (INVEST). Dermatest Pty, Ltd., conducts SPF, UVA, water resistance, phototoxicity and skin lightening tests, among others, for skin care and sunscreen products. EDI GmbH focuses on the in vitro characterisation of substances under in vivo-like conditions using complex culture systems that combine primary organ cells and tissues