Bull Trout Final Critical Habitat Justification: Rationale for Why Habitat is Essential, and Documentation of Occupancy Chapter 1. Coastal Recovery Unit—Olympic Peninsula Critical Habitat Unit Table of Contents 1.1. Dungeness River Critical Habitat Subunit ..................................................................... 17 1.2. Elwha River Critical Habitat Subunit ............................................................................. 21 1.3. Hoh River Critical Habitat Subunit ................................................................................ 31 1.4. Queets River Critical Habitat Subunit ............................................................................ 39 1.5. Quinault River Critical Habitat Subunit ......................................................................... 45 1.6. Skokomish River Critical Habitat Subunit ..................................................................... 51 1.7. Hood Canal Critical Habitat Subunit ............................................................................. 59 1.8. Strait of Juan de Fuca Critical Habitat Subunit .............................................................. 63 1.9. Pacific Coast Critical Habitat Subunit ........................................................................... 69 1.10. Chehalis River / Grays Harbor Critical Habitat Subunit ................................................. 77 15 Bull Trout Final Critical Habitat Justification Chapter 1 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service September 2010 Chapter 1. Olympic Peninsula Critical Habitat Unit The Olympic Peninsula CHU is essential for maintaining bull trout distribution within this unique geographic region of the RU. Watersheds on the Olympic Peninsula drain to marine waters in the Hood Canal, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Pacific Ocean. Sixty major glaciers still cover the Olympic Mountains, providing sources of cold water to the glacially fed rivers on the Olympic Peninsula. The Olympic Peninsula supports one of the few temperate rain forests in the world, much of which is contained within the Olympic National Park, which is also designated as a World Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. This CHU is essential for maintaining distribution of the amphidromous life history form within the Coastal RU, which is rare across the geographic range of this species. It is not only essential for maintaining this life history form within this RU, but within its coterminous range. It is one of only two CHUs that contain the amphidromous life history form. See Appendix 1 for more information. The Olympic Peninsula CHU is located in northwestern Washington. Bull trout populations inhabiting the Olympic Peninsula comprise the coastal component of the Coastal–Puget Sound population. The unit includes approximately 1,292.9 km (803.4 mi) of stream, 3,366.2 ha (8,318.1 ac) of lake surface area, and 673.8 km (418.7 mi) of marine shoreline designated as critical habitat. This CHU is bordered by Hood Canal to the east, Strait of Juan de Fuca to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Lower Columbia River Basins and Puget Sound CHUs to the south. It extends across portions of Grays Harbor, Clallam, Mason, Pacific, and Jefferson Counties. All of the major river basins initiate from the Olympic Mountains. The Olympic Peninsula CHU is divided into 10 CHSUs. Although delta areas and small islands are difficult to map and may not be specifically identified by name, included within the critical habitat proposal are delta areas where streams form sloughs and braids and the nearshore of small islands found within the designated marine areas. The State of Washington has assigned most streams a stream catalog number. Typically, if an unnamed stream or stream with no official U.S. Geological Survey name is designated for critical habitat within the Puget Sound CHU, the stream catalog number is provided for reference. In those cases where tributary streams do not have a catalog number, they are referred to as “unnamed” or a locally accepted name is used. 1.1. Dungeness River Critical Habitat Subunit The Dungeness River CHSU is essential to bull trout conservation because it represents the core amphidromous population of bull trout within the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Its sympatric distribution with Dolly Varden suggests this CHSU may represent a key climate change refugium for the species due to Dolly Varden’s presumed colder water requirements. Extensive portions of the headwater habitat are within protected areas (Olympic National Park and Buckhorn Wilderness) (see Appendix 1 for more detailed information). The Dungeness CHSU includes the Dungeness River, its primary tributary the Gray Wolf, and associated tributaries. The Dungeness River is located in the northeastern portion of the Olympic Peninsula and flows from its headwaters in the Olympic Mountains to Dungeness Bay in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Approximately 64.0 km (39.8 mi) of stream is being designated as critical habitat in the Dungeness River basin. 17 Chapter 1 Bull Trout Final Critical Habitat Justification U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service September 2010 The following water bodies are included in this CHSU (see Table 1): (A) The Dungeness River from its confluence with the Strait of Juan de Fuca upstream 31.2 km (19.4 mi) to an impassable barrier provides foraging and overwintering habitat downstream of the Canyon Creek confluence and spawning and rearing habitat for the Dungeness River local population upstream of Canyon Creek. The Dungeness River also serves as a corridor to the Strait of Juan de Fuca for fluvial and amphidromous bull trout from the Dungeness River and Gray Wolf River. The following tributaries from their mouths upstream to presumed extent of suitable habitat or an impassable barrier provide tributary foraging and overwintering habitat: Matriotti Creek upstream 1.8 km (1.1 mi); Hurd Creek upstream 0.8 km (0.5 mi); and Canyon Creek upstream 13.2 km (8.2 mi). Canyon Creek also provides potential spawning and rearing habitat for the Dungeness River local population. Gold Creek from its mouth upstream 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to an impassible slide contains spawning and rearing habitat for the Dungeness River local population. (B) The Gray Wolf River from its mouth upstream 15.1 km (9.4 mi) to its confluence with Cameron Creek and its tributary, Cameron Creek, from its mouth upstream 1.1 km (0.7 mi) to a natural barrier provide spawning and rearing habitat for the Gray Wolf River local population. 18 Bull Trout Final Critical Habitat Justification Chapter 1 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service September 2010 Table 1. Water body segments designated as critical habitat for bull trout, including documentation of occupancy and site- specific rationale in the Olympic Peninsula—Dungeness River CHU/CHSU CHU—CHSU Water Body State Information Documenting Bull Trout Occupancy Essential Habitat Rationale LLID Name Olympic Gray Wolf WA Bull trout redds documented in 2002 (Cooper, in litt. Grey Wolf River provides essential habitat used for 1231105 Peninsula— River 2002). spawning and rearing in the Grey Wolf River local 479767 Dungeness River population. It is essential for maintaining distribution, abundance, and productivity. Olympic Dungeness WA Documented use by adult and subadult in surveys 1995- This segment of the Dungeness River provides essential 1231331 Peninsula— River 2000 (Chan in litt. 2001; WDFW 1998; Peters, in litt. foraging and overwintering habitat for subadult and adult 481508.1 Dungeness River 1995). bull trout as well as provides essential connectivity between Dungeness River and Gray Wolf local populations and the Straits of Juan de Fuca. It is important to the seasonal habitat needs, survival, and growth of individual migratory fish. Olympic Dungeness WA Multiple age classes documented in surveys (Chan in litt. This segment of the Dungeness River provides essential 1231331 Peninsula— River 2001; Peters, in litt. 1995). habitat used for spawning and rearing in the Dungeness 481508.2 Dungeness River River local population. It is essential for maintaining distribution, abundance, and productivity. It also provides essential connectivity between Dungeness River and Gray Wolf local populations and the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Olympic Canyon Creek WA Although the WDFW hatchery currently has a seasonal Although definitive data on bull trout presence are lacking 1231375 Peninsula— barrier to Canyon Creek in place, the barrier is being for this stream, available information suggests that 480241 Dungeness River addressed and passage should be restored. Canyon Creek Canyon Creek will provide foraging habitat once it is was a productive salmon stream, has habitat historically accessible to salmon and bull trout. Restoring passage at occupied by coho, pink, chum, and Chinook salmon, and Canyon Creek is a high priority recovery task. Once has habitat suitable for bull trout (OPRT, in litt. 2003a). passage is restored and salmon and steelhead re-colonize the creek, Canyon Creek will contribute to restoring the overall abundance of bull trout in the core area. It is the one remaining high quality stream located in the lower Dungeness and thus provides important FMO habitat, as well as potentially SR habitat for the Dungeness River local population. Olympic Hurd Creek WA Bull trout have been documented at Dungeness River The draft recovery chapter explicitly identifies as essential 123142 Peninsula— Hatchery outlet in recent years (B. Freymond, in litt. and biologically important, accessible habitat occupied by 4481241