International Jour nal of Applie d Researc h 2020; 6(7): 470-473 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 English east india company’s political predilection for Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2020; 6(7): 470-473 banaras in post buxar period: an analytical aspect www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 06-05-2020 Accepted: 08-06-2020 Dr. Shreya Pathak Dr. Shreya Pathak Assistant Professor, Abstract Department of History, Banaras is known for being a holy city and a trade centre, particularly for silk, but few books of history Vasanta College for Women highlights the role of this holy city in the initial phase of colonialism in the 18th century when East (Admitted to the Privileges of India Company commenced spreading its tentacles towards northern India after establishing itself in Banaras Hindu University) Bengal with the victory in Plassey through conspiracy and perfectly crafted schemes. This paper deals Krishnamurti Foundation India, Rajghat Fort, Varanasi, with the reasons and circumstances that made Banaras so important in the eyes of East India Company Uttar Pradesh, India and why its authorities, inspite of having no trust on the Raja’s fidelity, put all its efforts to confirm his demands and position stability during and after Buxar battle. Dealing with the political, psychological, diplomatic, geo-political, geo-cultural, economic, internal relations, this paper delves into all important factors to elaborately comprehend the warp weft of the times. This research is based on study of archival sources, letters, correspondences, reports etc. preserved in National Archives of India, New Delhi, U.P. State Archives, Lucknow, Regional Archives of Allahabad and Varanasi. Keywords: Banaras, raja Balwant Singh, Oudh, east India company, colonialism, 18th century history. Introduction th Towards the close of 17 century the ebbing of Imperial authority led Banaras to face the ineluctable consequences where the zamindars and nobles began to declare themselves independent from the central authority. In 1728, Benares was given as jagir to Saadat Khan, who appointed Rustum Ali for revenue collection on payment of Rs 8 lakh annually [1]. Rustum Ali, much dependent on his deputies, gave the onus of collecting revenue of these sarkars to a Trikarma Brahmin or Gautum Bhumihar, Mansaram, who was a zamindar of Tetaria (Gangapur) in pargana Kaswar, 7 miles south west of Banaras. Due to Rustum Ali’s failure in regular payment of revenue, Oudh Nawab Safdar Jang made Mansaram the ruler of Benares, who proffered Rs 13 lakh revenue for the grant of sunnud of three sarkars of Banaras, Jaunpur and Chunar, while Ghazeepur was given to Sheikh Abdullah on payment of [2] Rs 3 lakh as revenuen . Thus, Mansaram became the founder of the ruling dynasty of Banaras. With the ascendency of East India Company as a political power in Bengal province in the sixth decade of the 18th century, the prominence of Banaras and its ruler Raja Balwant Singh, son of Mansaram, immensely augmented in the eyes of the English as a determining factor for policy shaping as its boundary was contiguous to both the powers-Oudh and English that was mere 60 miles beyond the English authority. This strategic location always placed Banaras and its Raja in the main concern of the English till they were, overtly or covertly, in hostile relation with the Oudh Nawab. They first realized the tremendous potential of Raja Balwant Singh during the eastern expedition of Shahzadah in 1761, when Ali Quli Khan, Deputy Governor, on his way to Allahabad was not able to cross the Ganges because of Corresponding Author: being impeded by Raja Balwant Singh at the orders of Oudh Nawab. It was indisputably to Dr. Shreya Pathak the English advantage to employ Raja Banaras as a check to the Muslim ruler of Oudh as Assistant Professor, both were sharing overtly hostile relations. All these factors made Banaras much important Department of History, Vasanta College for Women for the English after the battle of Buxar on October 23, 1764. (Admitted to the Privileges of The English knew that in case of any territorial expansion towards Northern India, they Banaras Hindu University) would come in direct hostility with Vizier Shuja-ud-daula where Raja would join them. Krishnamurti Foundation Regarding this English were remarkably candid in their expression, “We think it our duty to India, Rajghat Fort, Varanasi, form against him (Shuja-ud-daula) all the enemies we possibly can that the proposed alliance Uttar Pradesh, India ~ 470 ~ International Journal of Applied Research http://www.allresearchjournal.com with Balwant Singh, therefore be a proper measure and time making the circumstances propitious for Vizier, but prove as well now as in all time to come a strong barrier and also they were impelled to accept the Raja with no viable defence to the Bengal Provinces” [3]. So, before the battle, alternative as Major Munro articulated in his letter to the the English entered into an agreement with the Raja by Board, “… there are very few people in the country who had which he was to hold all the territories as it was under any appointments. But such as have been turn’d out Shuja-ud-daula [4]. Due to this agreement, Raja Balwant formerly by Balwant Singh and have no weight in the Singh, though joined the Nawab’s side, remained inactive Country or troops at Command, so that consequence of along with his army throughout the battle and finally, after putting any of them as Phousdars or Jemadars to collect the the decisive day of October 23rd, inclined towards the revenue and assist the King against any of his enemies English. Even the Emperor Shah Alam, who was encamped would be keeping the army here I don’t know how long and in Banaras, was in favour of the English and regarded their would require at all time a stronger detachment of the troops victory as his own [5]. remaining in the Country… [11]. Immediately after the battle, Raja Balwant Singh proposed The English were cognizant that Banaras was a city of great Major Munro in case of their intention to take the possession antiquity and reverence in the eyes of the Hindus and at a of the Vizier’s country, the sarkars of Banaras, Jaunpur, time when they were emerging as a political power any Ghazipur and Bijaigarh should be given to him on the military action against this holy city would make all the payment of Rs 24 lakhs as revenue on the same terms as he Hindus of the Country disgruntled. Moreover, the Marathas, hold it from the Vizier [5]. All these demands were accepted who were great political power in Hindustan, had always by Major Munro, who promised to grant the sunnud, and to displayed their interest in this holy city. In 1736 Peshwa hold the territories till the conclusion of the negotiations Baji Rao demanded from the effete Mughal Emperor with the Vizier [7]. Regarding the political decisions and Muhammad Shah to give the religious places of Banaras to actions to be taken by Major Munro immediately after the him as jagir. English did not want to make themselves battle, strict instructions were given by the Fort William politically conspicuous in the eyes of the Marathas. authorities that states, “With respect to Balwant Singh Rajah The military expense of the English Company had almost of Banaras and zamindar of Gauzeepoor Country, the doubled, imposing an enormous amount of Rs 7 lakh double part he acted in the beginning of the war sufficiently annually. Even before the battle the Council ordered warns us to put no confidence in him and therefore if he has Officer-in-Commanding on June 11, 1764 to take possession not already been permitted to join you or you have entered of Ghazipur and collect its revenue for Company’s into no engagement with him we would have him pecuniary needs with strict orders “to prevent any ravages dispossessed of his Country and his person if possible being committed in the Country or injuries being done to the secured [8]. Here the moot question rises what prompted inhabitants, on contrary, all manner of encouragement and Major Munro to be so expeditious to accept all the demands protection be given in order to gain their affection [12]. of Raja Banaras inspite of the stringent orders from the Before the entering of the English army into Banaras, the Board to have no confidence in him for the part he played inhabitants of the city promised to give Major Munro Rs 4 during the battle. lakh for protection of the city, after which Major issued Firstly, the strategic position of Banaras had goaded him to stringent orders to the sepoys against any pillaging or ponder in favour of its Raja. They were cognizant that they plundering of the city. Thus, where on one side he got a could not shun any of their deserters to join the Nawab’s prodigious amount that was of great help at the war time, he army unless they don’t had the support of Banaras Raja. also obviate any such situation that may create antagonistic Captain Jennings, who was camped at Sasaram, expressed feeling among the local inhabitants and the Raja of Banaras. his inability to shun the army of Kasim Ali from joining the Major Munro thought that maintaining affable relations with Nawab, “Upon enquiry I find there is no way of preventing the Raja would provide the Company a prodigious amount this Party but by crossing Caramnassa, their rout being of Rs 1,70,000 monthly as revenue that would be an round the hills through Balwant Singh’s Country which enormous financial aid or it would be highly imprudent to brings them to the Western gate of Rotas Gur without leave a disgruntled Raja with a force of 15-20,000 horses in entering the Nabob dominions [9] Even after defeat in Buxar, the region between the English territories in Bengal and Vizier Shuja-ud-daula was again reviving his army with the their army in Allahabad, which could otherwise be used in Pathans joining him against the English and had an army of the Company’s assistance to capture the impregnable fort of strength upto 30,000 standing against the English.