If not us, then A Public Disclosure Authorized SocialDimensions of Community-basedEnvironment Initiatives 23150 December2000 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized . THWORD BNK KrrinGil THEWORLD BANK Kirri n Gil1 02000 The InternationalBank [or Reconstructionand Development/THEWORLD BANK 1818H Street,N.W., Washington,D.C. 20433.U.S.A. Printedin Bangkok,Thailand FirstPrinting December2000 The findings,interpretations, and conclusionsexpressed in this studyare entirelythose of the authorand should not be attributedto the World Bank,to its affiliated organizationsor to membersof its Boardof ExecutiveDirectors or the countriesthey represent. The mapsthat accompanythe text havebeen prepared solely for the convenienceof the reader;the designations and presentation of materialin themdo notimply theexpression of anyopinion whatsoever on thepart ofthe World Bank,its aftiliates,or its Boardor membercountries concerning the legalstatus of anycountry, territory, city, or area,or of theauthorities thereof, or concerningthe delinmitation of its boundariesor its nationalaffiliation. Thispaper wras written by Kirrin Gill of theEnvironment and Social Development Unit of theEast Asia and Pacific Region. Tanvi Nagpal. Illangovan Patchamuthu, HeinrichUnger. Warren Van Wicklin. Thomas Walton. Anna Wetterberg. and David Williams provided peer review Katherin Golitzen provided editorial assistance. KanchalikaKlad-Angkul prepared the document for publication. Cover and layout designed by RatchubolChayutkul. Social Dimensions of Community-Based Environment Initiatives Kirrin Gill 5 FOREWORD BOXES 6 ABBREVIATIONSAND ACRONYMS 68 ABBREVIATIONSCKNOWLEDGEMEN25 Box 1. BabonRiver: Banding Together to 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Monitorthe Healthof a River 11 INTRODUCTION 28 Box2. PalikoCreek Rehabilitation Program: 12 THEAIMS OF THESTUDY A PartnershipApproach 13 METHODOLOGY 31 Box3. ZKK SolidWaste Program: A MedicalClinic Tackles an Urban 15 Limitationsof the Analysis Community'sGarbage Problem 16 THE MEIPAPPROACH 36 Box4. The KampungImprovement Program 16 Indonesia (KIP):A ComprehensiveApproach to EnvironmentalProblems 17 Philippines 41 BoxS. Summayof Findings 23 BUILDINGBLOCKS OF THE MEIPAPPROACH 23 Countryand LocalContext FIGURES 23 CommunityInvolvement 24 Figure1. CommunityInvolvement in MEIP 26 LocalDecision-Making Initiatives:Extent 27 LocalContributions 25 Figure2. CommunityInvolvement in MEIP 29 CapacityBuilding Initiatives:Quality 29 Transparencyand Accountability 32 Figure3. MEIPProject Impacts 35 Figure4. Sustainabilityof ProjectInvestments 29 Inclusion 37 Figure5. Sourcesof Fundsfor Project 32 BENEFITSOF THE MEIPAPPROACH Maintenance 32 ProjectImpact 38 Figure6. CommunityInvolvement and Project Impact 33 Innovationand Dissemination 38 Figure7. CommunityPerceptions of Positive 34 Institutionalization Factors 35 Sustainability TABLES 37 Expectations 38 Factorsof Influence 12 Table1. AnalyticalFramework 42 CONCLUSIONS 14 Table2. MEIPCommunity Initiatives Selected 42 Implicationsof the StudyFindings for the Study 45 RippleEffects RippleEffects 19 Table3. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PhilippinesProjectsSelected for the Study:The 47 REFERENCES 21 Table4. ProjectsSelected for the Study: Indonesia 49 ANNEXA: THE PHILIPPINES,PROJECT SUMMARIES 40 Table5. Summaryof CommunityPerceptions of the MEIPInitiatives 54 ANNEXB: INDONESIA,PROJECT SUMMARIES 45 Table6. KeySocial and Institutional 58 ANNEXC: FOCUSGROUP QUESTIONS FOR COMMUNITY LEADERS Indicatorsfor MEIP ii1 if ot us,the. who? "Environmentalproblems are not problems of our surroundings,but in theirorigins and throughtheir conseQuences- are thoroughly socialproblems, problems of people, their history,their living conditions,their relationsto the world and reality,their social,cultural and living conditions....At the endoF the twentieth centurynature is societyand society is also *nature'. (Beck,1992, emphasis in the original) Communitymembers in SrengsengSawah, Indonesia admire a star fruit tree theyhave planted as part of the KebagusanGreen Corridors Project If not us, t&n wh0 ? j4 TheMetropolitan Environmental Improvement Philippines,highlighting how communities gained Program,or MEIP,as it is commonlycalled, has fromthe processof establishingthe projects,as beena pioneerin the WorldBank's efforts to well as from their outcomes.We hopethis paper addressthe environmentalconcerns of Asia'smajor will be usefulto managersof community-based cities.MEIP called attention to the rapidly programs,non-governmental organizations, escalatingsolid wasteand pollutionproblems of communitiesand policy-makers as theycontinue to urbanareas and brought together key actors -- grapplewith the environmentaland development government,the privatesector, non-governmental facingurban areas. organizations,and technical and research institutions-- to strategizehow to resolvethem. MEIPembodies the spirit of teameffort, and we While workingwith central,provincial and local wouldlike to extendour thanksto the governments governmentsto strengthenpolicies and develop of Indonesiaand the Philippines,their officials,and environmentalmanagement strategies, MEIP also representativesof the privatesector, media, and piloted communityinitiatives to testinnovative technicalinstitutes. In particular,we wouldlike to ideason the ground.These demonstration projects thankthe peoplewho madecommunity action at the haveimproved environmental conditions and have grass-rootspossible: community members, non- givencommunities the experienceand structures governmentalorganizations, community-based they needto continueto improvetheir livesin the organizations,local government,and MEIPstaff. future. This publicationfocuses on MEIP'scommunity- Zafer Ecevit basedinitiatives and considers the social Director dimensionsand long-termbenefits of a community- Environmentand Social Development basedapproach. It exploresthe experienceof twelve EastAsia and PacificRegion communityprojects in Indonesiaand the The World Bank 5 If not us, then who? Bapedalda BadanPengendalian Dampak MDF MuntinlupaDevelopment Foundation LingkunganDaerah(local environ mentalprotection agency in MEIP MetropolitanEnvironmental Indonesia) ImprovementProgram BHW BarangayHealth Workers NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization CLEAR CitizensLeague for Ecological NPC MEIPNational Program Coordinator Awarenessand Responsibility PSF PublicSanitation Facilities DENR Departmentof Environmentand NaturalResources in the Philippines RW RukunWarga (association consistingof severalRTs) EWM Eco-WasteManagement RT RukunTetangga (Indonesian IEC Information,Education, and neighborhoodassociation) Communication UNDP United NationsDevelopment KIP KampungImprovement Program Programme LLDA LagunaLake Development Authority ZKK Zero Kalat para sa Kaunlaran (ZeroWaste for Progressprogram in the Philippines) If not us,then who? 6 n:s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Manypeople helped bring life to the stories WarrenVan Wicklin,. Thomas Walton, and David aboutMEIP described on thesepages. The field Williams.Bhuvan Bhatnagar, Lanfranco Blanchetti- workfor the studywas conducted by Victoria Revelli,John Clark, Scott Guggenheim, Espaldonin the Philippinesand Deviariandy PatchamuthuIllangovan, Kumi Kitamori, Parmesh Setiawanin Indonesia.MEIP National Program Shah,Mark Sundberg, and Anna Wetterberg also Coordinators,Bebet Gozun in the Philippinesand providedinput. SuhadiHadiwinoto in Indonesia,introduced the studyteam to the MEIPcommunities and Learningabout MEIP has been an inspiring painstakinglyprovided the backgrounddetails on a process.I particularlywant to thankall the MEIP decadeof experiencein the two countries.Members partnerswho madethese stories a reality:Illango, from MEIPcommunities sat for hourswith the study Tanvi,Kumi, Bebet, Suhadi, and the MEIP teamto describetheir experiences.The report was communities,themselves. peerreviewed by TanviNagpal, Heinrich Unger, If not us,then wh 0? 8 I~~~~I I |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :~~ C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ExecutiveSummary l -- .S , - A call to action from the people's protests of the 1960sin the Philippines, adopted by the environmentalgroup. Zero Kalat para sa Kaunlaran(Zero Waste for Progress).to mobilize a Manila communityto tackle its garbageproblem. For over10years, the Metropolitan transparencyand accountability of projectfinances EnvironmentalImprovement Program (MEIP) wasalso uneven, which restricted community access workedwith communitiesin Indonesiaand the to informationabout the administrativedecision- Philippinesto find innovativesolutions to urban makingprocess. environmentalproblems. A participatoryprocess to build localownership, capacity and institutionswas MEIPinitiatives had broadbenefits. centralto MEIP'sapproach. As a result,projects Communitiesreported positive impacts on the their had not only environmentaleffects but socialand environment,general well-being, and capacity to institutionalones as well. This paperexamines organizeand participate. MEIP efforts helped MEIP'ssocial and institutionaldevelopment process communitiesimprove their livelihoodthrough andthe broaderdimensions and benefits of its accessto grantfunds, savings programs and income community-basedapproach. It looksat howMEIPs generationopportunities. Pilot initiativesin both pilot projectsenabled communities to be better Indonesiaand the Philippineshad considerable eQuippedto improvetheir ownlives and helped successin institutionalizingtheir innovative shapeenvironmental policy and programs. approachesthrough changes in policiesand