Education Division Documents. No 50. Education in Zimbabwe Issues ofQuantity and Quality AJointswedish/zimbabwe Education Sectorstudy by C. Colclough, J-l. Ltifstedt, J. Manduvi- Moyo. 0.E. Maravanyika, W.S. Ngwata mullulolll ormen", @ !(/~ 'å en 'I I - December 1990 *9 $ sm }}{' -U! ron mmlmolm UM£'N R,M ~ X@ ! ZIMBABWE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATlVE MAP ' I Il" - HÄSHOHAUND l C £ N T R A L ZA M ! IA 4 . MÅEHQNÅLAHDWHT : "HOUR, MAlHONÅLÅNO N '% 4" - [ ' ' % .J' !lT ,u'{ : D un ; '% ' 1> ~ - ;r- wnuYl -- K; 1 k4 AIN RO A O S .<=~ IÖÖ. UUJ I I @ HAMN RA ILW A Y S . ! ! 0. @ ~ 1,*/. ! 3€.3 '3 K jJ A @ 0 '5 £ uanHonl F ANS VICtURH X ås I O Ai @ I Öl~ mm ~ - U 'jr.' mr -kw! MOZAMIlOUE "{ - ix. JJ D MlDUHDX ,.3 DJIUTÅHE lv * > {hl I '- I ,9 MATAIEI.,ELAND NORTH "'.,,HÅHlC.EUHD Gwenb 1* = !. ~ I 0. PROVlNCE POPULATION 1982 <€ ! "H / ås ! I ' ir , 1 U - ! ~ % . " } ~ M A SH . EA ST 6 6 7 C I 7 - ~ xi ( rMASWHGO ~ ? @ M ASH. WEST 3 5 8 ? BULAWAYO ! 9 6 I HHVIRGG L' -. ! [ NASH. CENTRAL {: 6 J * 0 7 ZJ> I UU I MAT. NORTH 4 H $25 Z I 5 1 9 6 3 6 . UI HAT. SOUTH / ' I I CJ ' }W A HOA '{ } MIDLANDS I 09 I 8 4 4 @./' 8 0 7 3 W A H A 1 * .~~ I HASVlNGO ! 0Jl 891 "{X 0 0 0 0 I .-Q MANICJILAND 1 099 102 / GHEHER Hunt 656 01 I MATAIILILANO SOUTH BULAWÅYO 4 1 J 8 1 4 CHITUHGWlIA I 7 1 5 5 6 TOTAL 7 $ 4 6 0 7 1 I IN, ! - .! im UNION -x-'* - x ,.J. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Zimbabwe Political and Administrativa Map iii Contents (iii) Acknowledgements CV) Abbreviations (vii) Tables (ix) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Purpose of the Study and Terms of Reference 1 1.3 Scope of the Study 1 1.4 Methodology 2 1.5 Organisation of the Report 2 1.6 The Status of the Report 2 Chapter 2 Executive Summary 3 Chapter 3 Economic and Social Context 3.1 Economic Strategy and Performance 1980- 90 19 3.2 Demographic Context 21 3.3 Labour Market Trends 23 3.4 The Formal Sector: Employment and Skills 27 3.5 The Situation of Women 29 3.6 Other Equity Issues 32 Chapter 4 Education and Training 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Formal Education 35 4.3 Non- Formal Education 65 4.4 Conclusion 68 Chapter 5 Current Issues in Education and Challenges for the Future 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Expansion 71 5.3 The Costs and Financing of Education and 76 Training 5.4 Infrastructure and Logistics 93 5.5 Internal Efficiency 95 5.6 Relevance and Localization 98 5.7 Equity 100 5.8 Special Education 102 5.9 Non- Formal Education 104 5.10 Concluding Issues 105 Chapter 6 SIDA Support to Education in Zimbabwe 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 A Brief Overview 107 6.3 SIDA Support to Education General Policy 107 6.4 SIDA Programmes in Education and Training 110 6.5 Conclusions 129 6.6 Future SIDA Support to Education 135 Appendix 1 Summary of ZANU(PF) Ed. Principles 1980 Manifesto 143 Appendix 2 Summary of Growth with Equity 145 Appendix 3 Summary of ZANU(PF) Ed. Principles 1985 Manifesto 147 iV Appendix 4 Study Terms of Reference 149 Appendix 5 List of People Met 155 Appendix 6 Ministry of Higher Education 157 Appendix 7 Structure of Ministry of Education and 159 Culture Appendix 8 Zimbabwe Education and Training Ladder 161 Bibliography 163 V ACKNONLEDGEMENTS This Education Sector Study was commissioned by the governments of Sweden and Zimbabwe and financed by the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). The Study Team would like to extend its appreciation for the assistance provided by the Ministry of Education and Culture and by SIDA in providing transportation, office space, and secretarial back- up for the team. Mrs. E. Ekman as well as other staff members of the SIDA/DCO in Harare have also been helpful in many ways. Thanks also go to the various Regional Education officers, District Council staff, councillors and teachers who assisted the team during field visits to Mashonaland West, Manicaland, Midlands, Matabeleland North, and Masvingo. Last but not least, the team would like to thank the drivers Messrs. E. Benhura and L. Mangidza and the typists Ms. M. Wiklund and Ms. M. Price. Vii Abbreviations A.C.C. Associate College Centre A.E.D. Associated Examinations Board A' Level Advanced Level B.Ed. Bachelor of Education CDU Curriculum Development Unit C.P.I. Consumer Price Index C.P.A. Central Purchasing Authority C.S.O. Central Statistical Office D.C.O. Development Cooperation Office (SIDA) D.E.O. District Education Officer E.C.E.C. Early Childhood Education and Care E.O. Education Officer F.E.E.B. Further Education Examinations Board G.D.P. Gross Domestic Product Grad C.E. Graduate Certificate in Education G.N.P. Gross National Product GOZ Government of Zimbabwe H.N.D. Higher National Diploma H.Q. Head Quarters H.R.R.C. Human Resources Research Centre L.F.S. Labour Force Survey MEC Ministry of Education and Culture MEd Masters of Education M.F.E.P.D. Ministry of Finance Economic Planning and Development M.H.E. Ministry of Higher Education M.P.S.E. Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education MSEK Million Swedish Kronor MUSD Million United States Dollars MZWD Million Zimbabwe Dollars N.C. National Certificate N.D. National Diploma N.I.D. National Intermediate Diploma N.M.S. National Manpower Survey O' Level Ordinary Level P.I.P. Project Identification and Preparation P.T.A. Parents Teachers Association R.D. Regional Director S.C.U. Standards Control Unit S.E. Special Education SEDCO Small Enterprises Development Corporation SIDA Swedish International Development Authority T.I.C. Teacher- in - charge U.C.E. United College of Education UNICEF United Nation Childrens Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development UZ University of Zimbabwe VTC Vocational Training Centre ZABEC Zimbabwe Adult Basic Education Course ZANU(PF) Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) ZIDE Zimbabwe Institute of Distance Education ZimDef Zimbabwe Manpower Development (Fund) ZIMFEP Zimbabwe Foundation for Education With Production ZIMSCI Zimbabwe Science Zintec Zimbabwe Integrated Teacher Education Course ZISSE Zimbabwe Integrated System of Secondary Education Z.J.C. Zimbabwe Junior Certificate Z.J.E.R. Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research Z.N.C.C. Zimbabwe National Craft Certificate iX Tables (First digit represents chapter) Page 3:1 Economic Indicators 1980- 88 20 3:2 Working Population by Broad Category of Activity, 1987 24 3:3 Labour Force Characteristics Reported for 1982 and 1987 25 3:4 Unemployment Rates by Age and Sex, 1982 and 1987 26 3:5 Unemployment by Age and Education, 1982 and 1987 26 3:6 Formal Employment by Sector, 1980 -87 27 3:7 Percent Female Enrolment in Secondary School 1982 Cohort 32. 4:1 Number of Primary Schools (1989) 47 4:2 All Primary Schools: Enrolment by Grade (1989) €48 4:3 Teachers by Qualification in Primary (1989) £49 4:4 Number of Secondary Schools 5() 5] 4:5 All Secondary Schools: Enrolment by Form (1989) . 4:6 Teachers by Qualification in Secondary (1989) 5:3 4:7 Enrolment at Technical Colleges by Area 1984 - 1988 555 4:8 Trainees by Trade at Msasa and Westgate 1984 - 1988 156 4:9 Intake of Apprentices 1984 - 1988 5'7 4:10 Distribution of full time students at UZ, 1989 558 4:11 Teachers' Colleges Enrolment (31 December 1989) 6() 4:12 Lecturing Staff by Selected Area of Study 1989, All Technical Colleges 623 4:13 Non- Formal Education 6'7 4:14 Adult Literacy Classes 6'7 4:15 Success Rate of Literacy Classes £58 5:1.A Number of Primary Schools and Enrolment by Year and Sex '72 5:1.8 Number of Schools and Enrolment by Sex in Secondary Education between 1979 and 1989 '74 5:2 Average Drop - out Rates (Secondary) since 1980 "75 5:3 Summary of Financing Mechanisms for Primary and Secondary Schooling £32 5:4 Public Expenditures in Total and Education £35 1979/89 - 1988/89 5:5 Real Expenditures on Education, 1979/80- 1988/89 and Unit Costs by Level (1980 Constant Prices) £36 5:6 Wage/salary Employment and Real Average Earnings, Selected Sectors, 1979 - 87 £38 5:7 Financial Impact of Replacing/upgrading Untrained Primary Teachers: Illustrative Calculation 9() 5:8 O' Level Passes by Type of School, 1984 10J. 5:9 Approximate Cohort Flow through the Education System 102 6:1 External Support to Zimbabwe, 1985 -87 108 6:2 Allocation of SIDA Support to the Different Sectors in Zimbabwe 1989/90 108 6:3 Accumulated Disbursements up to June 30th, 1989 111 6:4 SIDA Education Sector Support 1989/90 113 6:5 Primary School Construction 114 6:6 Planned and Actual Construction, Phase 1- 4 114 6:7 Training Costs 123 6:8 SIDA Support to ZIMFEP 126 X 6:9 SIDA Funded Programmes According to Disbursements and Objectives 132 6:10 Summary of SIDA Funded Programmes Inputs and Outputs 136 Fi - ures 3:1 Percent Female Enrolment in Primary Education 31 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND This report is a result of a joint education sector study commissioned by the governments of Zimbabwe and Sweden. Swedish support to the education sector in Zimbabwe started shortly after Independence in 1980. Under the current four - year Education Sector Support Agreement which expires in June 1991, Sweden has provided about MSEK 50 per year concerning such areas as capital construction, teacher training, curriculum development, central administration, teaching materials/equipment, special education and non- formal education.