Helminth Parasites of Viviparous Fishes in Mexico Raúl Pineda-López1, Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado2, Eduardo Soto-Galera3, Norma Hernández-Camacho1, Anita Orozco-Zamorano1, Salvador Contreras-Robledo1, Guillermina Cabañas-Carranza2, and Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar2 1Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Biología Laboratorio de Parasitología, Querétaro, México. 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Zoología, México, DF, México. 3Laboratorio de Ictiología y Limnología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, México. Raúl Pineda, et al. • Helminth Parasites of Viviparous Fishes in Mexico 437 Abstract Resumen This study is aimed at collecting the extant published El presente estudio recaba datos bibliográficos y otros data on the helminth parasites of the Mexican originados de nuestras propias investigaciones, para Goodeidae and Poeciliidae, as well as contributing describir la composición taxonómica de las original data from the author’s research, with the end comunidades de helmintos parásitos de peces de las of describing the taxonomic composition of this familias Goodeidae y Poeciliidae de México, y fauna and exploring their evolutionary and explorar sus orígenes evolutivos y zoogeográficos. Los zoogeographic origins. The parasitological data in this datos parasitológicos que se presentan incluyen 9 study cover 9 goodeid species from 7 genera, and 20 especies de goodeidos de 7 géneros y 20 especies de poeciliid species from 6 genera, collected from the poecílidos de 6 géneros, recolectados de las cuencas de Lerma, Santiago, Pánuco, Balsas, Ayuquila, and los ríos Lerma, Santiago, Pánuco, Balsas, Ayuquila y Grijalva-Usumacinta basins as well as from the Grijalva-Usumacinta, así como de los cuerpos de agua Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. A total of 32 helminth de la Península de Yucatán. Se registran un total de 32 species were recorded in the collected goodeid fish especies de helmintos parásitos de goodeidos. Los Helminth Parasites species. The data demonstrate that Posthodiplostomum datos demuestran que las metacercarias de minimum (MacCallum, 1921) and Clinostomum Posthodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum, 1921) y of Viviparous complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) metacercariae are las de Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) frequent in the goodeids. The most abundant son frecuentes entre los peces de esta familia. El Fishes in Mexico helminth record in the collected goodeid host species registro helmintológico más abundante entre las was found in Goodea atripinnis, which had 16 especies de goodeidos examinadas lo presentó Goodea helminth species, and in Girardinichthys multiradiatus atripinnis con 16 especies de helmintos, en tanto que and Alloophorus robustus, which each had 13 helminth Girardinichthys multiradiatus y Alloophorus robustus, species. A total of 46 helminth species were recorded presentaron cada una 13 especies de helmintos. En las in the 20 collected poeciliid fish. The metacercariae of 20 especies de poecílidos se registraron 46 especies de Posthodiplostomum minimum (MacCallum, 1921) helmintos las metacercarias de Posthodiplostomum and Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) are very minimum (MacCallum, 1921) y de Centrocestus frequent in Mexican poeciliids. The host species formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) son los helmintos más Poecilia mexicana was found to have the most frecuentes entre los poecílidos de México. Poecilia abundant helminth community, with 24 species. The mexicana es la especie de hospedero con mayor data indicate 4 components that determine helminth número de especies de helmintos, con 24 especies. parasite community composition in these fish Pueden distinguirse 4 componentes de estas Raúl Pineda-López, families, which are described below in order of the comunidades, por orden del número de especies que number of helminth species in each component. incluyen, éstos son: 1) componente de especies Guillermo Salgado- 1) Generalist, allogenic, mostly Nearctic helminth generalistas, alogénicas, en su mayoría neárticas, que Maldonado, species. They have colonized goodeids and poeciliids han colonizado a los goodeidos y poecílidos como Eduardo Soto-Galera, as secondary intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts hospederos intermediarios secundarios o bien, como Norma Hernández- and conclude their lifecycle in birds. 2) Helminth hospederos paraténicos, y que concluyen su ciclo de species commonly associated with other fish species. vida en aves. 2) Especies de helmintos adquiridas por Camacho, Anita Goodeid and poeciliid species have acquired these via simpatría con otras especies de peces; estas especies Orozco-Zamorano, sympatry with other fish species. 3) Anthropogenically son comunes en otros grupos de peces. 3) Especies Salvador Contreras- introduced helminth species. 4) Specialist helminth introducidas antropogénicamente. 4) Especies Robledo, Guillermina species. These appear to restrict their parasitic especialistas de helmintos. Éstas se han desarrollado relationship to goodeid or poeciliid fish. They have con sus hospederos y probablemente son endémicas y Cabañas-Carranza, developed, or evolved, together with their hosts and muy antiguas. Los datos también muestran la and Rogelio Aguilar- are probably endemic or ancient species. The data predominancia numérica de las especies de Aguilar presented here also indicate the numerical tremátodos y nemátodos; el número reducido de predominance of trematode and nematode species, especies de monogéneos y céstodos, en tanto que sólo the low representation of monogeneans and cestodes, se registró una especie de acantocéfalo. Un and only a few species records for the componente numeroso de especies alogénicas es acanthocephalan group. A large allogenic component también una característica común entre los helmintos is also characteristic of helminth communities in parásitos de peces de agua dulce de México. Mexican freshwater fish. The helminth communities Finalmente, es notable que las comunidades de recorded in Poeciliidae were notably richer than those helmintos de los Poeciliidae son mucho más ricas que observed in the Goodeidae. las de los Goodeidae. • Viviparous Fishes • ViviparousHarry J. GrierFishes and Mari Carmen Uribe, book editors. 438 Genetics,New Life Ecology, Publications, and Conservation Homestead, Florida, 2005. p 437-456. Introduction iviparous fish in Mexico belong to the taxonomic composition of this fauna and ex- families Goodeidae and Poeciliidae, ploring their evolutionary and zoogeographic Vboth in the order Cyprinodontiformes. origins. The Goodeinae is endemic to the Mexican pla- teau and is currently composed of 16 genera, in- Materials and Methods cluding: Allodontichthys, Alloophorus, Allotoca, Ameca, Ataenobius, Chapalichthys, Characodon, The data included in the results section comes Girardinichthys, Goodea, Hubbsina, Ilyodon, from the freshwater fish helminth parasite data- Skiffia, Xenophorus, Xenotaenia, Xenotoca and base for Mexico assembled by the second author Zoogoneticus. The Poeciliidae are neotropical in of this study and financed by the National Com- origin and are widely distributed, ranging from mission for Study and Exploitation of Biotic Re- the southern United States to Argentina. Several sources (Comisión Nacional para el Estudio y genera of Poeciliids have been recorded in Me- Aprovechamiento de los Recursos Bióticos xico: Belonesox, Brachyrhaphis, Carlhubbsia, –Conabio). This database will be available on the Gambusia, Heterandria, Phallichthys, Poecilia, Conabio webpage (www//http.conabio.xolo.mx), Poeciliopsis, Priapella, Xenodexia, and Xipho- and portions of these data have been published phorus (Espinosa-Pérez et al., 1993). previously as inventories (Scholz et al., 1995a,b, Data on the helminth parasites of some Mexi- 1996; Moravec et al., 1995a,b; Salgado-Mal- can goodeids and poeciliids have been published donado et al., 2001a,b, 2004a,b; Aguilar-Aguilar as part of the general inventories of helminths et al., 2004). Original data from the authors’ own of freshwater fish (Moravec et al., 1995a,b; research is also included in the present study. Scholz et al., 1995a,b, 1996; Salgado-Maldo- Data were collected by catching goodeid and nado et al., 2001a,b, 2004a,b; Aguilar-Aguilar poeciliid fish in chosen locations in a number et al., 2004; Martínez-Aquino et al., 2004). of the hydrological basins of Mexico, including Taxonomic treatments of a particular helminth the Lerma, Santiago, Pánuco, Balsas, Ayuquila species have also been published (Pérez, 2001). in the Sierra de Manantlán, Grijalva-Usuma- The parasitology of these fish families, however, cinta and surface waters of the Yucatán Penin- has not been addressed holistically, and the avail- sula. The collected fish were kept alive until able data have not been analyzed as a whole. In helminthological examination was done 8 hours response, this study is aimed at collecting the after capture. The examination included all or- extant published data on the helminth parasites gan systems, except the blood and bones. Data of the Mexican Goodeidae and Poeciliidae, as on the number of helminth species and number well as contributing original data from the of helminth individuals per species were recov- author’s research, with the end of describing the ered during the examinations. Every helminth Raúl Pineda, et al. • Helminth Parasites of Viviparous Fishes in Mexico 439 found in every fish host was counted and The data demonstrate that Posthodiplos- samples were