TEXT AND CONTEXT: A HERMENEUTICAL STUDY OF THE WAYS THE BUDDHA ANSWERS QUESTIONS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Religious Studies The University of the West In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Ngoc Cuong Le Spring 2018 APPROVAL PAGE FOR GRADUATE Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies. Ngoc Cuong Le (a.k.a., Bhikkhu Thich Bao Tri) Candidate 08/13/2018 Text and Context: A Hermeneutical Study of the Ways the Buddha Answers Questions Approved: William Chu 08/13/2018 Chair Miroj Shakya 08/13/2018 Committee Member Victor Gabriel 08/13/2018 Committee Member I hereby declare that this dissertation has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other institution, and that it is entirely my own work. ©2018 Ngoc Cuong Le ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation has been accomplished with the help and support of many people: teachers, family, friends, and many others. Therefore, I would like to offer gratitude to everyone that made this project possible. First, I would like to express gratitude and thanks to my Dharma Master, Venerable Thích Phước Nhơn from Australia, for sending me abroad to pursue a Ph.D at the University of the West. His unwavering confidence and spiritual support made this accomplishment achievable. I would like to offer special gratitude and thanks to the beloved Dr. Bruce Long (1937-2016). He was the committee member who initiated the “hermeneutical” approach in this dissertation. Second, I would like to offer gratitude and acknowledgement to my committee members: Dr. William Chu, for giving me the idea about this topic of research and continuously advising me; Dr. Miroj Shakya for helping with the Pāli language research; and Dr. Victor Gabriel for accepting my invitation to read my completed dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Lewis Lancaster, Dr. Joshua Capitanio, Dr. Jane Iwamura, Dr. Darui Long, and Dr. James Santucci for their instruction. It is also important to acknowledge all friends, family, UWest staff members, and the IBEF scholarship for helping make this dissertation possible. ii ABSTRACT Text and Context: A Hermeneutical Study of the Ways the Buddha Answers Questions By Ngoc Cuong Le The central thesis of this project, Text and Context: A Hermeneutical Study of the Ways the Buddha Answers Questions seeks to explore the pedagogical features of the Buddha through looking at the methods in which the Buddha replied to his interlocutors within the early Buddhist suttas. We can say that there are four specific ways in which the Buddha chose to answer enquiries. These are: categorical, analytical, counter- questioning, and silence. This project limits itself to the Suttapiṭaka of the Pāli Nikāyas. In this work, I select certain discourses from the Sutta Nikāyas as the main focus, while making references and citing other discourses as support. I will also use Buddhist commentary such as the Visudhimagga as secondary source. It is important to note, these selected suttas are well serve in my investigations of the Buddha’s dialectical modes. Besides, they are well-known and widely discussed in the scholarly world. Approaching this dissertation through the hermeneutical1 lens of geistige, each type of response is examined per chapter. For each chapter, one to three suttas (such as SN 44.10, MN 72, AN 3.65, MN 63, MN 71, and MN 90) are chosen for analysis, to show how the Buddha responded to a certain question or subject matter. Here, I will especially consider the Buddha’s methods as pedagogy, or methods of guidance. 1 Richard E. Palmer, Hermeneutics (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1969), 77. Note: Here, hermeneutics is described as the art of understanding and interpreting a text. iii Overall, the dissertation asserts that the Buddha’s dialogical modes are a demonstration of his pedagogical method. It shed light on different dialectical modes of the Buddha, such as the novel use of silence, counter-questioning, analytical style, and categorical method. It seeks to provide an alternative interpretation and perspective regarding the selected discourses mentioned above. The aspiration is to make a contribution to the scholarly world on the hermeneutical way of looking at the Buddhist suttas, through exploring the fourfold answering methods. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER PART 1 Introduction and Background 1 The Conversation: Debates and Literature Review 5 Methodology and Contributions 16 Methodology: Hermeneutical 16 Understanding of Content and Spirit 23 Contributions 24 Chapter Outline 26 PART 2 The Perimeter of the Buddha’s Teaching 30 CHAPTER 2: THE BUDDHA’S SILENCE Introduction 38 1. Intention 39 2. Silence of the Buddha 41 a) Scholars’ Views 41 b) Mysticism 47 i. Upaniṣads: Mystical Doctrine 47 v ii. Western Context of Mysticsim 49 iii. Ineffability 51 iv. Vis Imaginativa 53 v. Sensorium 56 3. Historical Background to the Concept of Self and No-Self 64 a) Context of the Ten Unanswered Questions 64 i. Vedic and Upaniṣads Literature: Soul (Self) Theory 65 1) The Philosophy of Uddālaka 66 2) The Theory of Prajāpati 68 3) Yājñavalkya Rational Theory 70 b) The Theory of No-Self 71 i. The Materialist 71 ii. No-Self in Early Buddhist Suttas 73 iii. The Nature of the Tathāgata After Death 75 iv. Self and No-Self: Not Right View 78 4. Silence as Skillful Act of Pedagogical Guidance 83 a) By Virtue of Interlocutor’s Mentality, Time and Place 84 b) Pedagogical Guidance 89 c) Remaining Focused on the Goal 93 d) Considering the Knowledge of the Questioner 95 Final Remarks 97 CHAPTER 3: THE UNIQUENESS OF THE CROSS-QUESTIONING OF THE BUDDHA Introduction 99 vi The Uniqueness of the Buddha’s Cross-Questioning 100 1. Background Discussion, Definitions and Synonyms 100 2. The Way of Cross-questioning: Compassion and Wisdom 105 3. Meditation: Cross-Examining Oneself 117 a) Reflection: The Ambalaṭṭhikarāhulovāda Sutta (MN 61) 117 b) Cross-examining Oneself and the Western Concept of Reflective Thinking 121 Final Remarks 126 CHAPTER 4: THE WAY THE BUDDHA ANALYTICALLY ANSWERS THE QUESTION OF THE KĀLĀMAS Introduction 129 1. Review of Scholarship 130 2. Authority, Science, and Buddhism 136 a) Buddhism and Authority 136 b) Buddhism and Scientific Method 145 3. The Way the Buddha Analytically Answers the Question of the Kālāmas 152 a) Context of the Kālāmas 152 b) Reassurance—The Psychological Factor 154 c) The Ethical Principle—Establishing Faith 157 Final Remarks 166 CHAPTER 5: THE CATEGORICAL ANSWER TO THE QUESTION: WAS THE BUDDHA SABBAÑÑU (OMNISCIENT)? Introduction 169 1. Indian Concept of Sarvajña (Omniscience) 171 vii a) Omniscience of the Vedas and the Upaniṣads 171 b) Omniscience of Jainism 175 2. Early Buddhist Concept of Sabbaññu (Omniscience) 178 a) Early Buddhist Indications of Buddha Being Sabbaññu 178 b) Early Buddhist Indications that the Buddha is Not Sabbaññu 186 i. Cātumā Sutta (Majjhima Nikāya, Sutta 67) 188 ii. The Monks Who Commit Suicide 188 iii. Conversation between King Pasenadi Kosala and the Buddha (Ud 6.2) 189 iv. Accepting Devadatta into the Order 190 c) The Categorical Answer to the Question: Was the Buddha Sabbaññu (Omniscient)? 192 3. Scholarly Commentary on the Buddha’s Omniscience 197 Final Remarks 203 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION Introduction 205 Recapitulation of Chapters 206 Main Features and Pattern 209 The Answering Mode and Meditation 211 Pedagogy 213 Suggestions for Further Study 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY 216 viii APPENDIX The Four Categories 228 1. Example of Suttas with Questions the Buddha Put Aside (Ṭhapanīya) 228 2. Example of Suttas in Which the Buddha Answers Through Cross-Questioning (Paṭipucchā) 230 3. Example of Suttas Presenting the Buddha Answering in Analytical (Vibhajja) Format 232 4. Example of Suttas Presenting the Buddha Answering with The Categorical (Ekaṁsa) Method 233 ix ABBREVIATIONS DN— Dīgha Nikāya MN— Majjhima Nikāya SN— Saṃyutta Nikāya AN— Aṅguttara Nikāya KhN— Khuddaka Nikāya Ud— Udāna Pa. — Pāli Skr. — Sanskrit x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER PART 1 Introduction and Background Just as in a pond of blue or red or white lotuses, some lotuses might be born in the water, grow up in the water, and thrive while submerged in the water, without rising up from the water; some lotuses might be born in the water, grow up in the water, and stand at an even level with the water; some lotuses might be born in the water, and grow up in the water, but would rise up from the water and stand without being soiled by the water.2 — SN 6.1 There are different methods that the Buddha uses to answers question: silence, cross-questioning, analytical, and categorical. This project will show that they all tend to one end and purpose: to help the interlocutor(s) end their suffering (confusion, bewilderment, entanglement) and provide insight or discernment that would help them on the path leading to nibbāna. However, for each mode that is being used, it has its own purpose and intention. This can be seen in different cases (Vacchagotta, Mālunkyāputta, Prince Abhaya, Rāhula, the Kālāmas, King Pasenadi) with regard to the specific issue(s) put forth. Upon his Awakening, the Buddha compared the growth of different lotuses to the potentiality of human beings to comprehend and realize his teachings. He began by scanning throughout the world, and right at that moment, he saw that there are beings with different qualities, capabilities and levels in discerning his Dharma. Here, one would speculate, “How does the Buddha know the capabilities of beings?” During his awakening, according to Richard H. Robinson (2005) in Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction (pages 9–10), the Buddha is said to have attained the six supernatural 2 Bhikkhu Bodhi, trans.