Eminent Living Geologists : Professor Sir T. W. Edgeworth David, K.B.E., C.M.G., D.S.O., B.A., Hon. D.Sc. (Oxon.), F.-R-S., F.G.S., Lieut.-Colonel Australian Imperial Forces. (PLATE I.) PROFESSOR SIR EDGEWORTH DAVID was born in 1858 at -*- St. Fagan's Rectory, near Cardiff, and was educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford, becoming head of the school and captain of the football and boat clubs. In 1876 he was elected to the Senior Classical Scholarship at New College, Oxford, and graduated in 1880, having won further distinctions in classics and in athletics. He had included in his studies a course of geology under Pro- fessor Prestwich, and had commenced in South Wales his life-long research upon the problems of glaciation. His geological studies were continued in London under Professor Judd, at the Royal School of Mines, and in 1882 he was appointed to the Geological Survey of New South Wales, under the late Mr. C. S. Wilkinson. On his arrival in Sydney in November of that year he made an investigation of the very fossiliferous Silurian beds of Yass, and shortly afterwards commenced the study of the rich tin-bearing deep-leads and alluvium of New England, completing a large quarto memoir thereon in 1887. His duties led him to visit many pirts of the State, but attention was now devoted chiefly to the Survey of the Hunter River Coalfield, which has occupied much of his time ever since; indeed, part only of his researches thereon has yet appeared. This investigation has been of immense value both economically and scientifically. The western portion, or Maitland coalfield, the extension of which was discovered during his survey, has proved the most important coalfield in Australasia. Here, too, were investigated the problems of the Permo-Carboniferous period, its glacial phenomena and peculiar flora and fauna. The distinguishing feature of all his work, the constant comparison of the area or problem immediately under investigation with kindred phenomena in other regions, has rendered this study of the Hunter River Coalfield of classic importance. During its progress he devoted also much attention to microscopical petrology, drawing up a classification of the rocks of the State and investigating, in particular, a series of those rare rocks, leucite-basalts. At the same time the broader problems of volcanic action attracted his interest. His official connexion with the Geological Survey ceased in 1891 on his appointment to the Chair of Geology in the University of Sydney. In 1891 the Geological School of that University was quite a small department, but under the enthusiastic teaching of its rew head, and with the stimulus of the rapidly increasing importance of the mining industries, its influence spread widely throughout Australia, GEOL. MAG. 1922. PLATE I. PROFESSOR SIR T. W. EDGEW^TJT-H DWID. I To face p- 4 Professor Sir T. W. Edgeworth David. 5 and it has become a large institution through which more than two hundred students pass each year. Professor David was soon recognized as a leading scientist in Australia. He was President of the Geological Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science in Hobart in 1892 and at Brisbane in 1895, of the Linnean Society of New South Wales in 1894-5, and of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1896. In his addresses to these bodies he gave valuable summaries of the knowledge of volcanic action, the structural features, and evidence for glaciation throughout Australia, and the Mesozoic history of Eastern Australia and New Zealand. In 1897 he was appointed to the Committee of the Eoyal Society of England for investigating the structure of coral reefs, and was entrusted with the leadership of the second coral-boring expedition to Funafuti, where, after overcoming many difficulties, he succeeded in obtaining a complete core, from a bore sunk to the depth of 1,118 feet. He also carried out a survey of the atoll and investigations on the growth of corals.1 The examination of the material thus obtained yielded most important information. Quickly following upon this work was the conclusion of his studies of the immense development of Devonian radiolarian rocks in New South Wales, in which the evidence is clear that these were formed in comparatively shallow water, and not in abyssal depths, such as many authorities believed to be essential to the deposition of radiolarian sediment. The value of these researches was recognized in the award to him of the Bigsby Medal of the Geological Society of London (1899) and his election as a Fellow of the Eoyal Society (1900). In 1904 Professor David presided over the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, which met at Diinedin, New Zealand, and gave an inspiring address upon the aims and ideals of Australasian Science. He continued to devote special attention to the Australian evidence of past glaciation, Pleistocene, Permo- Carboniferous and Cambrian (?), and in 1906 visited the glaciated districts of Southern India on his way to the meeting of the International Geological Congress in Mexico, before which he presented a discussion of the evidence and explanatory hypotheses for such climatic fluctuations. At this time also appeared the first instalment of his researches on the Hunter Eiver Coalfield, a large quarto memoir with many maps and sections, devoted especially to matters of economic importance. o • His interest in the problem of glaciation led him ta; accept Lieut. Shackleton's invitation to him to join the British Antarctic Expedition of 1907-09, and while in the Far South he investigated the meteorological features, general geology, and the former greater extent of ice in Antarctica, made the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and, in company with his former student, now Sir Douglas Mawson, 1 The adventures of this Expedition, are delightfully told in Mrs. David's book, Funafuti, an Unscientific Account of a Scientific Expedition. '*'.' 6 Eminent Living Geologists— made the first journey to the South Magnetic Polar area, a journey involving great physical suffering and hairbreadth escapes from death. Indeed, the rescue of the small party seemed to be almost a matter of chance. During his absence from Australia the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science awarded to him their highest distinction, the Mueller Memorial Medal. With the return of the Expedition to Australia there was aroused great public interest in Antarctic exploration, due in no small measure to the personality of Professor David himself, whose name had literally become a household word. The urgent demand of the public to see and hear him, together with the need for securing funds for the publication of the Scientific Memoirs of the Expedition, caused him to travel on a lecturing tour throughout th e Commonwealth. Meantime, the need arose for organizing and obtaining support for the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Dr. Mawson, making arrangements also in connexion with Captain Scott's last Expedition, and later securing support for Shackleton's second Expedition. He also arranged for the detailed study of the extensive geological collections from the Antarctic by a group of workers, mostly his former students, and distributed other mr terial amongst Australian scientists for investigation. He was also for a second time President of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and prepared as his address an illuminating summary of the tectonics of Australia. During this strenuous period his magnificent volume on Antarctic geology was written in co-operation with Mr. R. E. Priestley and published in 1914. He received the honour of C.M.G. in 1910. His position as the doyen of Australasian science was acknowledged in his reflection to the Presidency of the Australasian Association in 1913, an especially important position in view of the approaching visit of the parent British Association in the following year. His presidential address dealt with Antarctic meteorology and its influence on that of Australasia. Arrangements for the visit of the British Association involved much organization, together with the preparation of a valuable series of articles on the geology of Australia and New Guinea, for the Federal and State Handbooks to be issued in connexion therewith. At the Sydney meeting of this Association Professor J. T. Wilson and he first exhibited the Talgai skull, an anthropological discovery of the highest importance. Shortly after this he was awarded the Count Malle Brun Medal of the Geographical Society of France and the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London. On the outbreak of the Great War he assisted the Government in many capacities, suggested and took great part in the organization of a battalion of miners, staffed largely by his own former students. This he himself joined as Major, and arrived in France in May, 1916, and became geological adviser to the Controller of Mining in the First, Second, and Third Armies. After a narrow escape from death at Vimy Ridge in September, 1916, he was appointed to General Professor Sir T. W. Edgeivorth David. 7 Headquarters as Geological Adviser to the Inspector of Mines of the British Expeditionary Forces, and with Captain W. B. R. King was responsible for all the geological work in the British Armies in France. This was especially important in guiding tunnelling operations among very porous strata below ground-water level. " If it had not been for this work of Colonel David, portions of our mining system would have been completely flooded out and lost."1 He was promoted to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel, received the D.S.O., and was knighted during the past yef.r. The Council of the Royal Society of New South Wales took advantage of his absence to award him the Clarke Memorial Medal.