Integrative public transport in a segmented city: reflections from Jerusalem Galit Cohen-Blankshtain The Hebrew University, Jerusalem Visiting scholar at the Geography, Environmental Sciences, and Marine Resource Management Oregon State University Eran Feitelson The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1 OSU seminar February, 2017 outline • Methodological aspect: learning from extreme cases • Conceptual aspects of transport policy: responsiveness, choice and captive users and integration • Case study: Jerusalem • General observations 2 PSU seminar September 2016 Methodological perspective What can we learn from extreme case study? 3 PSU seminar September 2016 Universal transport planning Uniform planning discourse and practice • similar goals (changing uniformly with time) • Similar models with similar assumptions • Transferability of models In the last 30 years : the sustainable transport paradigm 4 PSU seminar September 2016 Aiming at sustainable transportation Economic Public transportation Environment Equity 5 PSU seminar September 2016 Some Basic Premises of Public Transport (PT) planning • City or metropolis are taken as one transport market • Travel markets are segmented primarily by type of trip, socio-demographic factors, life styles • Responsiveness (market orientation) is advocated to increase PT usage, mainly among choice users • Integration is a prime principle to increase efficiency and service quality in PT 6 PSU seminar September 2016 Responsiveness vis-à-vis integration • Responsiveness: attracting users (by definition choice users) to public transport by responding their travel needs • Integration: creating unified system (from user’s perspective) to reduce door-to-door transition cost 7 PSU seminar September 2016 Responsiveness vis-à-vis integration • Responsiveness: attracting users (by definition choice users) to public transport by responding their travel needs • Integration: creating unified system (from user’s perspective) to reduce door-to-door transition cost Which segments will have responsive service? Captive / choice user 8 PSU seminar September 2016 The case of Jerusalem • What happens when the system becoming integrative? • Who are the captives and who have choice? • Who will get responsive service? 9 PSU seminar September 2016 Jerusalem: Some Exceptions • Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city Total population: 830,000 inhabitants 10 PSU seminar September 2016 Jerusalem: Some Exceptions • Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city The capital of Israel Most of the Government offices Universities, research institutions, high tech and bio-medicine industries 11 PSU seminar September 2016 Jerusalem: Some Exceptions • Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: My office… • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city al haram al Sharif (Dom of the Rock) No citizenship, but residency 12 PSU seminar September 2016 Jerusalem: Some Exceptions • Comprised of four ‘cities’ in one: • A Jewish-Zionist city • A Palestinian city • A Jewish Ultra-Orthodox city • The tourists’ city Jerusalem as holy place, the messiah will come to Jerusalem. 13 PSU seminar September 2016 3 cities within one Jerusalem dominated by UO Medium domination of UO Zionist-Jewish Palestinians 14 PSU seminar September 2016 3 cities within one Jerusalem dominated by UO Medium domination of UO Zionist-Jewish Palestinians Commercial centers 15 PSU seminar September 2016 Historical development of PT in Jerusalem since 1967 The Jewish-Israeli side The Palestinian side • Until late 1980s service to all • The former Jordanian system city parts (including limited continued until the 1980s service to East Jerusalem • Emergence of Informal jitney • Radial System that evolved services and deteriorating gradually centered on CBD services • Deteriorating Level of service • In the 2000s: • In 1990s: – New improved coordinated – Separate line for UO areas system – Stopped operating at East Jerusalem 16 PSU seminar September 2016 Public transport at the beginning of 2000s Jewish-Israeli Palestinian • Association of 15 companies » 50 bus routes in • Registered lines Jerusalem with a • New Fleet, mostly small buses (20 fleet of 600 buses all though Jaffa seats), Fixed times and stations Street » Declining LOS, declining patronage Ultra-Orthodox (UO) • 7 bus routes with de-facto gender separation serving approximately 45,000 daily trips. • 21 inter-city bus routes for the UO population originating from Jerusalem with stops in UO neighborhoods. 17 • Different peak PSU hours seminar September 2016 The new light rail 18 PSU seminar September 2016 The new LRT based system Integration Responsiveness • Feeders system with transfers • UO bus lines were not affected between LRT and buses (lobbying and political (operators’ vs. useres’ pressure) perspective • Palestinian bus lines were not • BOT agreement precludes affected (too sensitive, already parallel lines, annuls many old, gone through major reform) direct lines. First at the Western • Jewish-Zionist neighborhoods neighborhoods and after that in bear the elimination of some the North direct bus services • Less flexible system (LTR, BOT) • Mixture of users from all three groups (pros and cons) • Comprehensive system 19 PSU seminar September 2016 The new LRT based system Integration Responsiveness • Feeders system with transfers • UO bus lines were not between LRT and buses affected (lobbying and (operators’ vs. useres’ political pressure) perspective • Palestinian bus lines were • BOT agreement precludes not affected (too sensitive, parallel lines, annuls many already gone through major old, direct lines reform) • Less flexible system (LTR, • Jewish-Zionist BOT) neighborhoods bear the • Mixture of users from all elimination of some direct three groups (pros and cons) bus services • Comprehensive system 20 PSU seminar September 2016 Responsiveness to whom? • JUO: low car ownerships, low income, low drivers licenses • Palestinians: low car ownerships, low income, low drivers licenses • Jewish Zionist: high car ownership levels 21 PSU seminar September 2016 Jewish-Zionist sector starts play politics… • North Jerusalem neighborhood managed to elect a representative at the city council to block the planned bus reform (cancelling bus routes that partially paralleled LTR • NGOs activity to add bus services • Palestinian riots in Jerusalem on 2014 targeting the LRT at Shoafat 22 PSU seminar September 2016 Results: • The comprehensive transport plan is changed: – The “North phase” is not implemented: buses operate along the LRT – Additional bus lines are added, other changed routes 23 PSU seminar September 2016 New thinking of captive and choice users • Choice between different operators – JUO threats to use competitors • Choice between different modes – Palestinians hidden choice to use jitney services • Choice between public transport and private cars • Jewish Zionist with car access • Captive: most unorganized Jewish Zionist without car access 24 PSU seminar September 2016 Who get responsiveness? • Groups that has credible exit options from the public transport system either by political power to provide alternative public transport services (JUO) or exit to the illegal low-entry cost jitney services (Palestinians) • If minorities (even poor ones) have exit option they are not captive, and they are likely to receive attention and responsiveness 25 PSU seminar September 2016 And generally speaking… • Define captivity and choice with a wider perspective • Integration may contradict responsiveness efforts • Integrative Public transport planning is not an exercise in optimization. It have to take into account community structure and power relations, particularly in segmented cities (but not only). 26 PSU seminar September 2016.